分类归档 hfjfgff

I. Food crops

paddy　 Rice cultivation in China has a history of more than 8000 years. By the Ming Dynasty, rice varieties had been divided into indica, japonica, waxy and early, middle and late maturity. In the first year of the Republic of China, Pingjiang County Agricultural Association set up the first experimental farm to conduct experimental research on rice cultivation. In 30 ~ 32 years, Pingjiang, Huarong, Yueyang and other counties set up agricultural technology extension institutes to carry out improved rice breeding, expand indica rice and reduce glutinous rice and popularize ratooning rice cultivation techniques. In the past 33 years, Pingjiang County Agricultural Extension Institute has selected indica No.1 (Shengli indica) and 546 (Wanli indica) through variety comparison test. In 1949, the promotion area of improved rice varieties in China reached more than 1.4 million mu. In 1950s, in , around the reform of paddy field farming system from single cropping to double cropping, six comprehensive technical reforms were carried out, namely, changing inferior species into improved species, changing single maturity period into early, middle and late maturity, changing paddy field into wet paddy field, changing convenient sparse planting into reasonable close planting, changing deep irrigation into shallow irrigation, and changing winter soaking field into winter planting green manure, which promoted the first major reform of rice production. In 1959, the area of double-cropping rice in China reached 1.707 million mu, accounting for 34.57% of the total rice area in that year. 

In the 1960s, dwarf indica rice and late japonica rice varieties with high yield, fertilizer tolerance, lodging resistance and suitable growth period were introduced and selected. In 1962, varieties such as Nante, Tuankeli, Qingjinjin, Guanglu ‘ai No.4, Guangjie No.9, Nongken No.58 and Nonghu No.6 were introduced from Guangdong. In the same year, the Provincial Department of Agriculture planted late japonica rice in Xinhua Village, Xiangyin County (now Taolin Township, Miluo City) to obtain high yield. The following year, along the section from Fanjiayuan to Gaojiafang of Beijing-Guangzhou Railway (now Miluo City), 58 large-scale demonstration films of 30 kilometers of agricultural reclamation were held, and a technical brochure entitled "Harvest of 500 mu of double-cropping rice" was compiled and issued. In 1965, Yueyang Agriculture Bureau compiled the information of "High-yield Cultivation Techniques of Double Cropping Rice" and formed a technical report group to tour and teach in various counties. By 1966, 5.242 million mu of rice had been sown in China, with a grain yield of 1.125 million tons and a yield of 210 kilograms per mu, achieving the first leap in grain production. From 1967 to 1970, Chen Shengyu, a regional agricultural research institute, bred Yuenong No.2 and Radiant Agricultural Reclamation No.58 by means of hybridization and radiation breeding, and spread them to various places. These two achievements won the second and third prizes of regional scientific and technological achievements respectively. Yuenong No.2 also won the first prize of provincial high-quality rice and the Golden Cup prize of high-quality agricultural products of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, and Radiation Farm 58 was recommended to be sent to the application exhibition room of Central Atomic Energy in agriculture for exhibition. By 1969, 4,321,400 mu of dwarf varieties and 2,115,600 mu of japonica rice had been popularized in China, accounting for 82.5% and 42.3% of the total planting area in that year respectively. 

In 1970s, scientific farming was popularized, and haploid breeding and large-scale hybrid seed production were started. In 1972, Fang Pingyi of Yueyang County Agricultural Institute took the lead in carrying out haploid breeding research in the province. After seven or eight years of experiments, he was bred to

77-2-1
A new 3-01 late indica rice line with early-maturing mutant single plant anther as donor flower culture won the second prize of scientific and technological progress in the city. His article "Breeding Good Rice Lines by Anther Culture (3-01)" was adopted by the Third International Conference on Plant Haploids and the First International Conference on Plant Somacytogenetics. In 1974, Jiang Xunping, a regional agricultural institute, used V.

20A
A new early hybrid rice combination was bred by crossing with Julia No.8, which was successful through seed production and trial planting. The provincial hybrid cooperation group named the combination Wei Youqing and won the first prize of regional scientific and technological achievements. In the same year, Qu Yuan farm Wang Zegao used V in Hainan Island.twentySiyou No.6 was successfully bred by crossing sterile line A with International Rice No.26, and then participated in the regional test of late rice in Yueyang area, with an average yield of 450 kg per mu, ranking first among 17 combinations. This variety and four other hybrid rice combinations were transferred to American Western Oil Company as the first agricultural technology in China. The direct broadcast experiments in California and other places in the United States have increased the yield by 165.5% ~ 180.3% compared with local varieties, and won the first prize of scientific and technological achievements in Yueyang area. In 1977, a large-scale technical training was conducted with the "Technical Opinions on Hybrid Rice Cultivation" compiled by the regional agricultural bureau as the teaching material. In that year, the planting area of hybrid rice grew to 1,582,400 mu. In 1981, in view of the disadvantages of poor resistance and long growth period of hybrid rice in the lake area, technical cooperation was organized to tackle key problems, and varieties were screened and combinations were optimized around high yield. With Weiyou 5, Weiyou 64, Nanyou 6 and Siyou 6 as the leading combinations, hybrid rice demonstration planting was carried out in six production teams in the lake area, with an yield of 382 kg per mu. In the same year, a set of high-yield experience suitable for planting hybrid rice in the lake area was summarized through the research on organizational adaptability technology in China. At the same time, the research on conventional rice selection and breeding and multiple cropping system has also made great progress, and a number of early and late rice varieties with short growth period, large panicle and disease resistance have been bred. Such as Yue ‘aizao No.1, Yue ‘zaoxian No.1 and Yue ‘wannuo No.1, etc., and successfully studied and popularized the techniques of raising seedlings with film mulching and heat preservation, raising seedlings in early rice greenhouse, transplanting small and medium-sized seedlings with soil, etc. 

In the 1980s, the research focused on the breeding of improved varieties with high quality, high yield and multi-resistance and the development technology of tons of grain fields. In 1982, Chen Shengyu discovered early-maturing and high-quality mutant plants from 80-410. After several generations of systematic breeding, Yuezaoxian No.2 (Xiangzaoxian No.5) was selected as an excellent variety, which was identified by the Provincial Science and Technology Commission and confirmed to be popularized in double-cropping rice areas in the province. This achievement won the first prize of municipal scientific and technological progress and the third prize of provincial scientific and technological progress. Based on the principle of system engineering, the Grain Crop Station of Pingjiang County Agricultural Bureau optimized the high-yield cultivation technology scheme of double-cropping rice, which achieved good results and won the third prize of municipal scientific and technological progress. In 1983, an experimental demonstration of double-cropping hybrid rice was carried out, with an yield of 950 kg per mu. The average yield of hybrid late rice in China is 368 kg per mu, which is the first time to achieve yield per unit area and total yield of super early rice. In 1984, the regional agricultural research institute began to cross IR56 with the indica-japonica intermediate E3-15.6332, and in the seventh generation, a high-quality late indica rice variety was bred, named Yuewanxian No.1, which was rated as the second-class high-quality rice variety in the province. At the same time, the breeding of japonica three lines, seed-saving cultivation, investigation of high-quality rice seeds, popularization of "double two majors" technology and utilization of paclobutrazol were carried out. With the adoption of excellent hybrid rice combinations and the maturity of cultivation techniques, the development of tons of grain fields is gradually spread out. 

In the 1990s, the efforts to promote agriculture through science and technology increased. While reforming the traditional farming methods, we will comprehensively promote the development of dry seedling raising, improved rice and tons of grain fields. In 1990, the area of over-ton grain fields in the city reached 405,000 mu, and the total grain output reached 2.65 million tons, achieving the third leap. One rice variety was rated as a national high-quality rice variety and eight as a provincial high-quality rice variety. In 1991, Yuewanxian No.3, which was bred by Chen Shengyu, chief agronomist of the Municipal Agriculture Bureau, was still purchased at a price of about 50 kilograms of 80 yuan under the weak market. The variety passed the municipal appraisal in 1994 and was awarded the provincial third-class high-quality rice in 1995. In 1996, the technique of dry-breeding and seedling throwing of early rice with floppy disk was first applied in the whole city, with an average yield of 372 kg per mu, 62.3 kg more than that of conventional cultivation mu, which completely changed the traditional working mode of transplanting rice with the loess facing the sky. In 1998, this project won the second prize of municipal scientific and technological progress. In the same period, the seed soaking technology of paclobutrazol and spraying technology of "full grain" were popularized, and the average yield per mu increased by 32 kg and 41 kg. In 1992, the project won the first prize of the provincial agricultural science and technology progress. Xiangwanxian No.3, a new late rice variety with high quality, researched by Jiang Xunping, a senior agronomist of the Municipal Academy of Agricultural Sciences, was successfully selected and won the second prize of provincial scientific and technological progress. Li Fuchun, a municipal agricultural school, conducted research on insect nematodes; Guangtezao, an extra-early indica rice breeding in Miluo Agricultural Technology Extension Center; and the technical development of double-cropping rice fields with over tons of grain per mu jointly undertaken by Xiangyin Agricultural Bureau and County Agricultural Technology Extension Center won the fourth prize of provincial scientific and technological progress and achievement promotion respectively. Extension of high-quality rice and hybrid riceThe promotion of "double and big" cultivation techniques won provincial and municipal awards respectively. 

Dry grain In 1950s, the production of dry grain was mainly to renew varieties and study supporting cultivation techniques. The varieties introduced and popularized successively include: sweet potato Shengli No.100, Nanruiping, Guangdong Baipi, wheat Nanda 2419, Zhongda 2505, Geely Wheat, and corn Golden Queen. 

In the 1960 s, the research on changing one cropping to two cropping was mainly carried out. The agricultural science and technology department summarizes the experience of dry farming in different places, and selects the supporting cultivation modes such as wheat sweet potato, wheat corn and soybean sweet potato. In terms of cultivation techniques, a number of research and popularization were carried out, such as broad bean topping, sweet potato hotbed seedling raising, density, sowing date, fertilization and so on, and the yield was increased. 

During the 1970s and 1980s, the research on changing double cropping into multiple cropping and cultivation techniques was mainly carried out, and the breeding of new varieties of dry grain was carried out. In 1971, the Agricultural Technology Station in Wengjiang District, Pingjiang County learned from the experience of double cropping in dry land in Cili County, and combined with the local conditions, carried out the experiment and demonstration of triple cropping in the form of sweet potato interplanting with corn and soybean, and formed the continuous cropping intercropping system of wheat-corn interplanting with sweet potato, broad bean-sweet potato intercropping with corn, potato-corn intercropping with sweet potato and wheat interplanting with peanut corn, which achieved good economic benefits. In 1974, the Provincial Crop Research Institute cooperated with Xiangyin, Hengnan County Agricultural Bureau and other units to breed a new sweet potato variety Xiangshu 7. The following year, the Provincial Crop Research Institute cooperated with the Grain and Oil Station of Linxiang Agricultural Bureau to select a new soybean variety Xiangchundou 10. During this period, the agricultural departments of prefectures and counties introduced single-cross, double-cross, mixed species of corn and original hybrid sorghum and Shanxi hybrid series of fine varieties; Popularize the technology of raising sweet potato seedlings in cow dung hotbed covered with plastic film and fire pit hotbed, and the cultivation method of burying sweet potato tips and laying eggs. Pingjiang county popularized the cultivation method of "double rows of cultivation and double rows of planting", and the cultivation method of 5,000 acres was double-shaped. Sweet potatoes were intercropped with one row of corn and soybean was interplanted at the edge of the field, which achieved good economic benefits. In 1985, the triple cropping area of dry soil in Wengjiang District of this county was 13,530 mu, accounting for 85% of the total area of dry soil, and the total output increased by more than 2,000 tons compared with that before the reform. In 1991, the new mung bean variety Zhonglv No.1 and its interplanting technology popularization, led by the Grain and Oil Station of the Municipal Agriculture Bureau and jointly participated by Huarong, Linxiang and Yueyang counties, won the fourth prize of provincial achievement popularization.

After the development experience of hilly corn in Miluo City was popularized in the whole city, in 1996, the planting area of the whole city was 273,800 mu, with a total output of 66,240 tons, which was the best level in history. After the catastrophic flood that year, the whole city transferred 83.5 tons of autumn seeds, with a planting area of 44,200 mu, mainly selling fresh sticks, with a net income of 400 ~ 800 yuan. 

Second, the cash crop 

oil seed rape During the 1950s and 1960s, cabbage was the main rape variety. In 1954, the cabbage-type Shengli rape was first introduced, and then seven-star sword, short shelf early, Chuanyou No.2 and Qinyou No.2 were introduced. In 1970s and 1980s, cabbage varieties were popularized. In terms of cultivation techniques, the sowing was changed to on-demand sowing, and the direct sowing was changed to seedling transplanting and rice, rice and oil triple cropping experiment. In 1976, Wang Ronghua, a regional agricultural institute, bred a new early-maturing cabbage variety 789-1 with Jingyao No.1 as the female parent and Xiuyou No.2 as the male parent, which was suitable for the triple cropping areas in northern and central Hunan, and won the second prize of the municipal science and technology progress award. In 1978, experiments were carried out on sowing date, transplanting date, planting density and fertilization of early, middle and late maturing varieties. In 1982, Li Youhua, Zheng Jiaomin, Cai Zhi of the Municipal Agriculture Bureau, Hou Qifang and Cao Fentian of Huarong County Agriculture Bureau successfully introduced Zhongyou 821, a cabbage-type, medium-maturing, disease-resistant and high-yield variety, from the Oil Crops Research Institute of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and became the main rape variety in China for a while. This achievement won the second prize of the Municipal Science and Technology Progress Award and the fourth prize of the Provincial Science and Technology Progress Award. In 1983, the supporting technology of "strong winter seedlings and steady spring seedlings" was popularized. In 1987, the Municipal Grain and Oil Station took the lead in popularizing late-maturing, disease-resistant and high-yield hybrid rape Qinyou 2. In 1998, 270,000 mu was popularized and the yield per mu was 141 kg, which was 65.4% higher than that of conventional rape. As a result, Huarong, Pingjiang, Xiangyin, Linxiang and Yueyang were awarded by the State Council. This achievement won the first prize of municipal scientific and technological progress and the second prize of provincial agricultural department.Leading by the Grain and Oil Station of the Municipal Agriculture Bureau, the promotion of high-quality and high-yield rape cultivation techniques in Huarong County, Qianlianghu and Junshan Farm won the second prize of the Municipal Science and Technology Progress Award.

cotton In the 19th year of the Republic of China, a provincial cotton breeding farm was established in Zhuzikou, Huarong County to carry out variety selection and quality inspection and popularize cotton planting technology. In 35 years, the German cotton No.531 introduced by the Provincial Agricultural Improvement Institute was popularized in Huarong County. By 1949, Chinese cotton was basically replaced by German cotton. 

In 1950s, improved varieties of Jijiao Dezi Cotton and Daizi No.14 and No.15 were introduced and popularized, and experiments such as drilling sowing and chemical pest control were started. Seven yield-increasing techniques summarized by Wu Daosheng, a national cotton planting model worker in Huarong County, were popularized, including selecting pure varieties, sowing early in time, strengthening plants and seedlings, applying peach fertilizer steadily, pruning in time, lightly picking top centers and controlling pests and diseases. In the late 1950s, the new farming and cotton planting technology was popularized, which changed the cotton field from single cropping to double cropping of cotton beans, cotton oil and cotton wheat, and changed the wide box into narrow box drilling and "two groups and four rows". 

In the 1960s, Dongting No.1 and Daihongdai were introduced to carry out research on cultivation techniques and pest control. In 1964, the Cotton Experimental Station of the Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences set up a sub-station in Qianliang Lake to carry out variety breeding, technical demonstration and pest control research, and popularize seed breeding techniques such as single plant selection, line comparison and mixed propagation. At the same time, focusing on high-yield grasping the "six-character" seedlings (early, dense, complete, neat, even and strong) and promoting the "three peaches" (peach in front, peach in front and peach in autumn), the technical reform of applying late seedling fertilizer as early as possible, applying less boll fertilizer as heavy boll fertilizer, and applying only nitrogen fertilizer as a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was carried out. 

In 1970s, breeding, double cropping and high yield technology and integrated pest control were mainly studied. In 1970, Gu Guangrui, Peggy Lee Kam-Man, Li Guangquan, Yang Haiquan of Qianlianghu Farm systematically bred a medium-mature cotton variety 70-12 from Daizi cotton mutant, which took the second place in the regional trial of new cotton varieties in the province, and won the third prize of scientific and technological progress of the Provincial Department of Agriculture. In 1971, Liu Chunhui, a model worker of cotton planting in Huarong County, adopted a systematic breeding method to select 108 lines of Gaoyi Mian from Daihong Daizhong. After 7 years of experiments, it was finalized into 32 lines of new varieties and won the first prize of regional scientific and technological achievements. In 1972, the regional agricultural bureau carried out intercropping farming experiments of cotton fertilizer, cotton wheat, cotton oil and cotton beans in cotton areas. In 1974, the No.4 Branch of Qianlianghu Farm established Yueyang Cotton Science Research Institute (with a set of personnel and two brands in the provincial cotton test sub-station), which was responsible for cotton research and improved variety breeding in the whole region. In 1976, the Regional Institute of Agricultural Sciences and the Institute of Cotton Science carried out a high-density chemical weeding experiment on cotton, and popularized the seedling raising and transplanting technology covered with nutrition bowl film, which achieved remarkable results in increasing production.
In the 1980s,  launched introduction, promotion and breeding with the goal of high yield, high quality and low consumption. In 1979, Yang Qiugong selected two bolls from C-4769 in Junshan Farm. After indoor investigation, it was found that the cotton fiber was as long as 37 mm. After several years of breeding and reproduction, a new variety of high-quality cotton 31-234 was selected. After testing by Beijing Fiber Inspection Institute, Shanghai Textile Institute and Jiafeng Cotton Inspection Group and organization identification by the provincial seed company, it was considered that this variety was a new breakthrough in land high-quality cotton breeding, with long fiber and strong fiber. Jing ‘e No.1 was introduced in 1986, Simian No.2 was introduced in 1987, and the development and research of cotton by-products were also carried out. In 1982, the regional agricultural bureau summarized and popularized technical measures such as relaxing cotton row spacing and promoting chemical control with fertilizer to improve cotton yield and fiber quality. Popularize "shrinking and saving safety" to control cotton plant growth in vain. The following year, Qianlianghu Farm and Huarong County Cotton Seed Farm carried out plastic film mulching and one film dual-purpose cultivation experiments, which achieved good results and won the third prize of municipal scientific and technological progress. In 1984, Huarong County and Qianlianghu Farm popularized and applied the optimized cotton cultivation scheme summarized by the Provincial Economic and Trade Bureau and other units, and achieved outstanding results, yielding 70 ~ 80 kilograms of lint per mu. In 1987, Qianlianghu Farm, Peggy Lee Kam-Man, Xu Kewu, Zhou Zhihua, Liao Xueyao, Zhao Heming, etc. of the Economic Work Station of the Municipal Agriculture Bureau introduced standardized cotton cultivation techniques from the Provincial Cotton Institute, and reformed and utilized the factors that affected the high yield of cotton in the lakeside area. After several years of exploration, high-yield supporting technical achievements were obtained by combining improved varieties, good methods and good systems.By 1990, 200,000 mu of cotton fields were popularized in China, accounting for more than 65% of the total cotton fields in that year, which made the lint yield and grade of the whole city reach a new level. In the same year, Qianlianghu Farm produced 60,000 mu of cotton fields and 102 kg of lint per mu. Among them, Zheng Guoxian, the fifth branch and eighth team, has 1.33 mu of cotton field, which has been measured by more than 20 experts in the cotton industry in the province, and the yield of lint per mu is 204.1 kg, which is the highest in domestic cotton production. This achievement won the first prize of municipal scientific and technological progress. China Academy of Agricultural Sciences attached great importance to this issue, and sent personnel to conduct on-the-spot investigation and affirm it. In 1991, he won the fourth prize of scientific and technological progress of the Ministry of Agriculture and the third prize of agricultural scientific and technological progress of the province.

In the early 1990s, the CPC Yueyang Municipal Committee and Municipal Government took the development of cotton as an important measure to enrich the people and strengthen the city, and implemented the project of "one flower and three waters" (that is, developing cotton, aquatic products, waterfowl and fruits). In 1991, the Municipal Cotton Office organized Huarong and other two counties (fields) to promote comprehensive high-yield cotton cultivation techniques and achieved a comprehensive harvest. At the end of the year, he won the first prize of the Harvest Plan of the Provincial Department of Agriculture. In the same year, the cotton standardized cultivation technology popularization project jointly completed by Jingzuo Station of Municipal Agriculture Bureau, Jingzuo Station of Huarong County and Junshan Farm won the fourth prize of provincial scientific and technological achievements popularization. In 1994, the city planted 725,000 mu of cotton, of which Huarong County planted 420,000 mu of cotton and produced 37,800 tons of cotton, making it the third largest cotton-producing county in China. Sun Juliang, a cotton farmer in Xinqiang Village, Xinzhou Township, has planted more than 40 mu of cotton every year since 1988. With scientific management and rational use of fertilizers and pesticides, the lint yield per mu is more than 150 kg, which is known as the "Sanxiang Cotton King". In 1995, Simian No.2 and Xiangmian No.10, No.15 and No.14 were mainly popularized, so that the coverage rate of improved varieties in China reached over 96%. From 1993, "Xiangza Cotton" was planted on a trial basis, and by 1999, it was popularized to 500,000 mu, with a total of 1.65 million mu, with an average increase of 14.5 kilograms of lint per mu, achieving high yield and high efficiency. At the same time, the efficient interplanting techniques in cotton fields such as "cotton-red cabbage-early pepper" and "cotton-corn" will be implemented. In 1997, the municipal government issued the "Implementation Plan of High-quality Seedlings Project" and built 1100 mu of Hunan miscellaneous cotton seed production base, accounting for 45% of the total area of such seed production bases in the province.It can guarantee the seed supply of 600,000 mu planting area.

bast fibre plants　 Ramie was planted in China before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In the Tang Dynasty, the processing began to take shape, and Baling Gongzhu cloth was listed as the top grade. In the second year of Xuantong in Qing Dynasty (1910), Pingjiang County set up hemp weaving classes in elementary industrial schools to teach courses such as planting hemp, beating hemp and weaving hemp. At the same time, 100 mu of land was zoned in Jinwo public field for the experimental study of hemp mulberry. 

In 1950s, hemp production was developed. Pingjiang, Huarong, Linxiang and Xiangyin counties are equipped with hemp specialized cadres, who are responsible for resource investigation and demonstration of improved varieties introduction. In 1952, Huarong County introduced trial planting of long-fruited jute from Guangfeng County, Jiangxi Province, and by 1955, it had spread 23,470 mu. In the same year, Miao Zian of Xiangbei Village, Nianyuxu Town, Huarong County summed up the experience of "five reforms" for high yield of jute and popularized it in China. In 1956 and 1958, Miao Zi ‘an was twice named as a national model worker for jute production. 

In the late 1970s and 1980s, the propagation technology and variety improvement of ramie seeds, roots and tender shoots were mainly popularized, and the research on high yield, high efficiency and integrated pest control and the transformation of processing machines were carried out. Huarong County Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Zhaqi Agricultural Station Zeng Qinggeng, Duan Yuhua and Li Yisheng successfully carried out the short-light seed production experiment of Kenaf Qingpi No.3 and won the second prize of regional scientific and technological achievements. Fu Xiuyu, Liu Youyou, Zhao Zhangtian, Zhou Shengbao, Li Mengtao, etc., from the regional agricultural bureaus, introduced the fine-cut ramie seed root rapid propagation technology of Professor Li Zongdao from the Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, experimented and popularized it in a large area, and achieved good results of expanding seeds and high yield in that year. This achievement won the first prize of regional scientific and technological progress and the third prize of provincial agricultural department. 

tea leaves Tea cultivation in China was first recorded in the Tang Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, tea cultivation techniques in Yuezhou were extended from Baling and Linxiang to Pingjiang and Xiangyin. In the 24th year of Hongwu (1391), Camellia Linxiang Longyao was listed as tribute tea. During the reign of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1662 ~ 1722), Linxiang made old green tea, and then made blue brick tea, which was exported to Mongolia and Russia. In the forty-six years of Qianlong (1781), Junshan tea was included as a tribute. In the 25th year of Daoguang (1845), Zuo Zongtang planted 5 mu of tea in Xiangyin, and carried out new cultivation techniques. The following year, Pingjiang County recruited Cantonese to teach black tea making technology. In the thirty years of Daoguang (1850), Pingjiang black tea was exported to Nanyang. In the 19th year of the Republic of China, the province set up a tea testing ground in Junshan. Yueyang Beigang Tea Experiment Site was established in 20 years, engaged in cultivation and production technology research, but was interrupted by the war. 

After the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the county set up tea rehabilitation committees, and tea scientific research was gradually carried out. In 1952, the refined processing of Pingjiang Tea Factory was semi-mechanized. In the same year, a tea delegation from the Ministry of Agriculture (including 3 Soviet experts) came to Pingjiang to inspect tea production and local varieties. In 1953, Yue

Yangxian county
Gao Yangwen, Yang Runkui and Tan Jianshen of Junshan Tea Farm innovated the tea picking and making technology.

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Junshan silver needle quality. In 1956, the product participated in the Leipzig World Expo and won the reputation of "gold inlaid with jade", which was later listed as one of the top ten famous teas in China. Since the same year, Linxiang green tea has been one of the tea material that President Mao Zedong drinks. In 1976, Yuan Yanchang, a farmer writer in Linxiang, wrote "Carrying Tea to Beijing" and sang it. In the same year, the Provincial Department of Agriculture conducted an investigation on tea varieties in Pingjiang County, and initially identified Castanopsis carlesii leaves in Pingjiang as local excellent varieties. 

In 1960s, the focus of tea scientific research was resource survey, improved seed breeding and mechanical tea making. In 1962, Yang Laijian and Gao Yangwen of Junshan Tea Farm selected four strains of Yinzhen No.1, No.2, No.6 and Green Tea No.22, which were well received by experts in the province. In 1963, Pingjiang Tea Factory developed red broken tea. In 1964, the Ministry of Agriculture, Foreign Trade, Agricultural Machinery and Public Security decided that Pingjiang Wengjiang Primary Tea Factory was one of the trial-production units of black broken tea, and carried out the equipment matching, quality standards and technology sub-tests, and promoted the results in the national black tea area. In 1965, the silver needle cutting in Junshan Tea Farm achieved good results, doubled the output and won the regional science conference award. 

In 1970s, breeding and propagation of improved varieties were mainly carried out. In 1973, the tea science experimental station was established in the region. In 1981, this station successfully tried cutting tea with short spikes in Liu Xiuhua, which was the first in China and won the first prize of regional scientific and technological achievements. In 1985, under the guidance of Liu Xianhe and Xiao Ling, senior agronomists of the Economic Bureau of the Provincial Department of Agriculture, the tea demonstration farm in Huangsha Street, Yueyang County developed Dongting Spring Tea, Dongting Spring Jasmine Tea and Dongting Spring Bud. Among them, Dongting Spring Tea won the "Golden Cup Award", a high-quality product of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, and was rated as one of the 11 famous teas in China. The project won the silver medal of the first China Food Expo and the second prize of the municipal scientific and technological progress; Dongting Spring Bud was rated as a provincial-level high-quality tea and won the first-class scientific and technological progress in the city. In 1987, the Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the tea factory of Xiangyin County Tea Native Products Company took the lead in successfully developing tea bags in the province with Gynostemma pentaphyllum and tea as raw materials, and won the fourth prize of municipal scientific and technological progress. From 1991 to 1993, the comprehensive development project of high-quality tea and famous tea, which was initiated and implemented by the Municipal Economic and Trade Department, won the first prize of the Municipal Science and Technology Progress Award in 1994. In the same period, the city’s county (city) and township secondary backbone professional tea farms actively carried out the research and development of medium and high-grade brand tea products, and created 10 brand-name teas that passed the examination and approval at or above the provincial level, ranking first among the tea-producing cities in the province. In 1991, Lianyun Mountain Tea Farm in Pingjiang County won the National Famous Tea Award from the Ministry of Commerce. Miluo Dragon Boat at Fanjiayuan Tea Farm in Miluo City, Thousand Needles Asparagus at Qianzhenping Tea Farm in Linxiang City and Baishi Maojian at Baishiyuan Tea Farm all won provincial famous tea prizes. In 1992, Pingjiang County"Time is abundant and silver is fine" and "Hongshandong Maojian" in Yueyang County won provincial famous teas. Later, Fushou Maojian Tea in Pingjiang County, Zhongnan Maojian Tea in Huarong County, Fenghuang Maojian Tea in Quyuan Farm and Shengfeng Green Tea in Huarong County won the title of provincial high-quality tea. Dongtingchun Tea Factory, which won the National Silver Award during the Seventh Five-Year Plan period, has developed rapidly in the output and sales of Maojian and Yinzhen in 1992, and the scientific research of tea has also been sublimated simultaneously.

In 1991, Yueyang county government awarded a prize-Volga car to Liu Xianhe, a senior agronomist who made outstanding contributions to the development of Dongting Spring series tea.

silkworm breeding and mulberry growing　 At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, mulberry planting and sericulture began in China. In the Tang Dynasty, silk was presented every year. During the reign of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, Fang Dabu, a native of Zhifu and Baling County in Hanyang, Hubei Province, wrote a book "Silkworm Breeding Summary", which systematically summarized the domestic sericulture cultivation techniques. In the second year of Xuantong in Qing Dynasty (1910), Zhou’s elementary industrial school in Pingjiang County set up sericulture classes to expand sericulture by combining teaching, scientific research and production. In the first year of the Republic of China, there were sericulture societies and sericulture research institutes in Xiangyin and Pingjiang counties. In 3 years, black, yellow, hemp and white silkworms were cultivated for use in various places. 

In 1950s, sericulture production was rapidly restored and developed. In 1953, Huarong, Pingjiang and other counties introduced improved silkworm eggs, the cocoon yield per sheet was twice as high as that of local species, and the growth period was shortened by 10 days. In the 1960s, Pingjiang, Huarong, Xiangyin and other counties popularized improved varieties for both spring and autumn. At the same time, we will promote dense planting mulberry fields with medium stems and transform low-yield mulberry fields. In the mid-1970s, the Provincial Silkworm Experiment Station established the largest silkworm egg farm and cold storage in Quyuan Farm, which can store 2 million boxes of silkworm eggs at a time, and the domestic silkworm eggs are more than self-sufficient. In 1980s, Huarong, Yueyang and Xiangyin counties popularized the experience of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and established a number of mulberry fish ponds and mulberry gardens with high yield and high efficiency. At the end of 1980s, on the basis of a comprehensive investigation of mulberry dwarf disease, the Municipal Agriculture Bureau promptly dug out diseased plants and prevented the spread of the virus vector Rhopalosiphum spinulosum. At the same time, Husang No.7 maternal garden was established in Huarong County, which effectively controlled the spread of dwarf disease. 

sugarcane　 Before the establishment of People’s Republic of China (PRC), farmers had the habit of planting on the edge of dry soil and vegetable fields. In 1958, sugarcane was planted in pieces in China, mainly for introduction and trial planting and exploration of large-scale cultivation techniques. After Qianlianghu Farm was built, people were sent to introduce Taiwan Sugar 134 from other places to replace local inferior species. In 1970, he sent staff to study in Guangdong, Sichuan, Jiangxi and other provinces, and hired 16 sugarcane technicians from Guangdong Province to teach the technology and solve the problem of sugarcane overwintering. Later, improved varieties of Sichuan sugarcane No.6, 66/229, Nayin 310, Jiangxi sugarcane No.1 and No.8 were introduced one after another, covering an area of 10,000 mu, and the yield per mu increased to 26 tons. By then, the farm will be built into a sugar factory, which will carry out scientific research, production, processing and sales through one train. In 1978, Quyuan Farm established the Sugar Institute, specializing in sugarcane research. In 1982, the institute popularized the plastic film mulching technology to promote the early emergence and tillering of sugarcane. In 1984, Junshan and Qianlianghu farms applied rare earth to sugarcane production, and achieved remarkable results in increasing production and sugar. In 1985, Quyuan Farm cooperated with the Provincial Institute of Computing Technology to optimize the standardized cultivation techniques of sugarcane in Dongting Lake area, implement and popularize them, and won the second prize of municipal scientific and technological progress. In 1987, the Municipal Science and Technology Commission organized Qianlianghu, Junshan, Quyuan Farm and Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases to go to Guangxi to learn the technology of sugarcane seedling propagation by cell engineering. In the same year, seedling transplanting in Qianlianghu Farm, no-tillage method of sugarcane in Quyuan Farm, winter planting and spring planting of shoot tip seedlings with 7-8 leaves on the upper part of stem were all successful. In 1988, the sugarcane bud cells used in the sugar department of Quyuan Farm were successfully propagated. 

reed　 Dike and reed are special products of Huzhou in China. Transplanting began in Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty. In 1958, it was used to make paper, and reed research rose accordingly. In 1964, Huzhou Administration of Yueyang County established the Reed Experimental Station, which was later suspended due to the "Cultural Revolution". In 1973, the reed research group was established in Dawan Reed Farm, Yueyang County. The following year, Yueyang Reed Research Institute was established to carry out experiments and research on seedling transplanting, pest control, ploughing and rejuvenation, and improvement of low-yield fields. According to the physiological structure characteristics of reed seeds, the institute successfully completed the research on seedling cultivation of reed flowers instead of natural stem transplanting by sowing with shaking panicles and watering with sprayers. Three acres were planted in that year, and the survival rate was 90%. This research is the first in China. In September of the same year, he made a special introduction at the national reed base symposium, and then promoted it throughout the country. 

In 1980s, reed research institutes were established in Xiangyin and Huarong counties. The comprehensive technology of high-yield of Ophiopogon japonicus and Phragmites australis is the research theme. The yield of 1.92 mu experimental plot in Yueyang County is 2.36 tons, and the yield of 1,000 mu experimental plot is 2.2 tons, which is the highest yield in China at that time. At the same time, the main pests of reed and the vegetation and wild economic plant resources in Dongting Lake were investigated, which provided scientific basis for high yield of reed. 

Third, fruit and vegetable gardening 

vegetables　 After the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), with the increase of urban population, the production base of commodity vegetables has been expanding. In the second half of 1958, Dongjingling, a suburb, set up a demonstration test site for improved varieties of vegetables in Wuli Commune. From September 1960 to April 1961, Yujiafan, a suburb of Yueyang County, built four Beijing-style greenhouses with an area of 1,200 square meters, and only then did vegetables grow seedlings in China. In 1973, a vegetable seed farm was established in Nanjin Village, Wuli Township. In 1976, the agricultural station of suburban commune was established. In the same year, Yueyang Agricultural Institute was established, with 6 vegetable professionals and technicians, and introduced pepper, tomato, eggplant, beans, cabbage and other varieties for experiment, demonstration and popularization. In April 1980, the Municipal Institute of Agricultural Sciences and the agricultural machinery stations of various communes were abolished, and Yueyang Agricultural Technology Center Station was established. In 1982, it was renamed the Municipal Institute of Vegetable Science (hereinafter referred to as the Institute of Vegetable Science). 

In 1990s, in order to enrich the "food basket" of urban residents, all counties (cities) and districts built stable second-line "crossing the river" bases. A number of commercial vegetable bases in agricultural areas with three crops, cotton and vegetable intercropping and fruit and vegetable room as cultivation models have been expanded one after another. More than 200 foreign fine varieties have been introduced and popularized and more than 95% of local traditional fine varieties have been purified and rejuvenated. In view of the "three stresses" in vegetable production (spring stress, autumn stress and winter stress), protected cultivation and anti-season cultivation were adopted. Make use of modern scientific and technological achievements to promote the application of agricultural film, plastic film, sunshade net and plastic greenhouse in vegetable cultivation. Agricultural and plastic film coverage has been popularized, with sunshade nets covering nearly 1 million square meters, plastic greenhouses growing to more than 16,000, and shed planting area of 20,000 mu. By the end of 1999, urban people owned 0.5 kg of vegetables on weekdays. 

melons and fruit　 Fruit tree cultivation in China has a long history. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were more than 30 varieties of fruit trees. Japanese pears were introduced in 20-22 years of the Republic of China, and in 29 years, Wang Yushan and Luo Guren introduced mandarin oranges, pears and peaches for planting and experimented with grafting techniques. In the late Republic of China, Li Fengsun, a famous agronomist, bought dozens of acres of land in his hometown (now Lijia Formation, Shuijing Village, Baiyun Town, Linxiang City) to start a ploughing farm, introducing and breeding improved fruit varieties. 

In the mid-1950s, fruit trees began to be developed in an organized way. From 1956 to 1959, through the general survey of fruit tree resources of the Economic and Trade Bureau of the Provincial Department of Agriculture, it was found that there were 81 species of fruit trees in 23 families, 28 genera.

Since 1970s, fruit tree research has focused on variety introduction, breeding and citrus cultivation. The research on cold-resistant cultivation of satsuma mandarin by the Municipal Institute of Agricultural Sciences provides experience for citrus production in the cold wave zone on the northern edge. Wu Tongcheng, Xie Ronghan and Luo Shaoyi of Pingjiang County Agricultural Bureau carried out the transformation of small and old citrus trees with low yield, applied winter fertilizer again, prevented mites, leaf miner and anthracnose, and took good measures to prevent cold and freeze. The citrus output in the county rose to three times before the transformation. This achievement won the second prize of bumper harvest of the Ministry of Agriculture and the third prize of regional scientific and technological progress. 

In the 1980s, governments at all levels paid great attention to the research and popularization of watermelon and deciduous fruit cultivation techniques while doing a good job in citrus scientific research. In 1985, Xu Huaxuan, Zhao Zhangtian, Lu Guangze of the Regional Agricultural Bureau and the Agricultural Research Institute developed a good cultivation technique for improved varieties of watermelon, and extended it to field production. The average yield per mu increased by more than 40%, and the yield per mu of improved varieties reached 2000-2500 kg, which won the first prize of regional scientific and technological progress. The following year, the Municipal Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xu Huaxuan, Yong Yang and Huang Fuding of Dajing Township, Miluo County conducted a series of research on seedless watermelon seedling raising and cultivation. After popularization, the value-added rate reached 30-48% and won the third prize of the Municipal Science and Technology Progress Award. From 1986 to 1989, Xu Huaxuan and Zhao Zhangtian organized the popularization of watermelon plastic film mulching cultivation techniques in the whole city, and achieved good results. The project won the third prize of scientific and technological progress of the Provincial Department of Agriculture. In 1987, the Achievement Section of the Municipal Science and Technology Commission cooperated with Xiangyin, Miluo and Huarong counties, and under the guidance of the Provincial Horticultural Institute, promoted the high-yield cultivation techniques of small fruits in northern Hunan. By 1988, 2,100 mu of Jinshui pear base, 5,000 mu of Baili base, 18,000 mu of peach trees and 5,000 mu of grapes had been built. 

In 1990s, with the adjustment of agricultural structure, especially after the implementation of the "one flower and three waters" project, local small fruit production developed rapidly. In 1992, the control of pear leaf rust mite was studied in lakeside garden; The research on the dead branch disease of Naili completed by Xiangyin County Science and Technology Commission and Provincial Horticultural Research Institute; Yueyang Fruit Office, Pingjiang County, Huarong County Fruit Office, and Jianxin Farm Greening Office jointly carried out the research on the application of hormones and nutrients in citrus flower and fruit protection and yield increase technology, which provided scientific basis for high and stable yield of local small fruits, provided operational technology for improving quality and pest control, and won the fourth prize of provincial scientific and technological progress. 

Four, soil fertilizer 

soil　 In the 1950s, a mass campaign to transform low-yield fields was launched, with deep ploughing and soil improvement, green manure development, water conservancy construction, winter soaking and cold soaking fields as the main contents. In 1960, the soil survey was carried out for the first time, and the soil types, properties, transformation and utilization were preliminarily found out. In 1970s, the research on soil conditions of high and stable yield paddy fields was mainly carried out. From 1974 to 1976, Zhou Shouqiu, a graduate intern from a regional agricultural institute, conducted a fixed observation on the distribution, annual variation and influencing factors of farmland groundwater in China, which provided a scientific basis for the transformation of potential paddy fields. At the same time, it was first concluded in the province that the main reason of early rice seedling stagnation was the lack of available phosphorus in the soil, and low temperature chilling injury and extensive farming were the induced environmental conditions. After that, it was put forward that "increasing phosphorus to promote early development" was the key measure for high yield of early rice, and the effect of increasing yield was remarkable after popularization. From 1976 to 1979, Zhou Shou, a regional agricultural institute, asked Zheng Weibing and others to select more than 50 hilly high-yield fields for soil analysis, which provided a scientific basis for high and stable yield and won the third prize of regional scientific and technological achievements. In 1980, Zhou Shouqiu, Yang Chuxiang, Lin Ruiwen, Zeng Gaoliang, Li Zusheng, etc., adopted the method of combining field investigation and positioning observation to carry out multi-disciplinary experimental research on rice field genetic simulation, improvement of potential rice field and groundwater change law under different tillage systems, and improvement of purple tidal mud. After four years of exploration, the preconditions and environmental factors for the formation of potential fertile rice fields were found out. After this achievement was used to improve rice fields in a large area, the social and economic benefits were remarkable, and it won the second prize of scientific and technological progress in the city. The second soil survey conducted at the same time,It provided a basis for rational use of land, soil improvement and scientific farming, and won the third prize of outstanding achievements in soil survey of the Ministry of Agriculture; The first prize of provincial agricultural division and soil survey results and the first prize of regional scientific and technological progress. 

fertilizer　 In the early days of the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the traditional experience of farmers in planting vetch fertilizer fields and accumulating soil miscellaneous fertilizers and farmyard manure was mainly summarized and popularized. In the 1960s and 1970s, in the high-yield cultivation of green manure, techniques such as ditching and drainage, inoculation of rhizobia, early application of phosphate fertilizer, increasing nitrogen with phosphorus and topdressing nitrogen in spring were adopted. Through the demonstration of high yield of green manure, the area of green manure increased from 494,000 mu in 1949 to 2.947 million mu in 1973. The yield of fresh grass per mu increased from 500 kg to 2,500 kg, with a maximum yield of 5,000 kg per mu. In the 1980s, fertilizer research developed from simple rice fertilization to fertilization of various crops. From emphasizing the application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer to paying attention to rational application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and optimizing formula fertilization by soil testing; From the application of ordinary chemical fertilizer to the application of trace element fertilizers such as rare earth and boron. From 1980 to 1982, the regional soil and fertilizer stations Guan Guangfu, Liu Jianhua, He Hansheng and Mao Yuping put forward the idea of spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate on rice, which was popularized in 1.2 million mu of paddy fields in China, generally increasing the yield by 4.1% and won the third prize of regional scientific and technological achievements. In 1983, Zhou Shouqiu and Guan Guangfu absorbed the domestic advanced experience of formula fertilization, and combined with local conditions, put forward the soil testing formula fertilization technology of "macro-zoning control, determining fertility parameters, evaluating fertility grade, determining target yield by soil, determining nitrogen by yield, determining phosphorus and potassium by missing indicators, and increasing application of organic fertilizer". After popularization, the effect of increasing production is remarkable, and it won the third prize of scientific and technological progress of the municipal and provincial agricultural departments respectively. Later, the station cooperated with the Institute of Intelligence of Chinese Academy of Sciences, taking agricultural expert system as the carrier and computer as the medium.The optimized Expert System of Optimized Soil Testing and Formulated Fertilization for Rice in Dongting Lake Area found a new way to guide farmers to scientifically fertilize. 

In the 1990s, fertilizer science and technology developed rapidly. Seventy-two soil monitoring sites have been built in the city, and special fertilizers have been prepared according to local conditions based on their soil test data, with a general yield increase of more than 10%. While basically popularizing soil testing and formula fertilization, various special fertilizers, magnetic fertilizers and rare-earth compound fertilizers have been developed and mass-produced, and applied and popularized. In 1992, several retired workers in Yueyanglou District purchased rare earth catalytic urea produced by patented technology organization, which had a miraculous effect on rice lodging resistance. In 1994, Dongnitrogen cooperated with the provincial seed company to develop "Dongke No.1" high-yield element. After field test, the effect of increasing production was remarkable, and the project won the third prize of provincial scientific and technological progress. 

V. Crop Protection 

Pest forecast　 The earliest record of rice damaged by insect pests in China began in 1197, the third year of Ningzong Qingyuan in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the 15th year of Daoguang reign (1835), migratory locusts were everywhere in Baling County, and farmers used artificial capture and open fire to destroy them. In 29 years of the Republic of China, Li Fengsun, a famous entomologist, lost his job and published Economic Entomology of China in his hometown of Linxiang, which attracted the attention and attention of academic circles at home and abroad. In the past 32 years, agricultural extension institutes around the country have successively carried out investigation and control research on simple pests and diseases. 

After the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the people’s government attached great importance to pest control and disease elimination, and established plant protection, plant quarantine and pest forecasting institutions, and plant protection technology was developed and popularized. 

During the 1950s and 1960s, pest forecasting stations were set up in counties and farms to regularly forecast rice and cotton pests (mainly short-term and medium-term forecasting). In 1966, the regional agricultural bureau set up a forecasting station for the center of crop diseases and insect pests in Yueyang County in Daliu No.4 Team, Tongkou Commune, Yueyang County, to regularly forecast borers, leaf roller, rice blast, bacterial blight, cotton bollworm, aphid and cutworm, and guide the domestic plant protection and forecasting work. 

In 1970s, long-term forecasting was started, and the occurrence regularity and control methods of diseases and insect pests were studied. In 1974, Yang Kaiyan of Jinggang Agricultural Station in Huarong County made a systematic study on rice leaf roller by combining indoor caging and field observation, and summarized a set of effective control methods, which won the prize of regional science conference. In 1975, Yang Zhengting of Quyuan Farm participated in the national sugarcane scientific research cooperation project hosted by Ganke Institute of the Ministry of Light Industry, and used the live female Chilo suppressalis as the lure material to conduct the lure experiment. Later, in cooperation with Wu Deming, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, a series of trapping experiments with different proportions, doses, carriers and forms of sex pheromone isomers were carried out in this farm. After identification, it is the first time in China to use sex pheromone to forecast Chilo suppressalis. This achievement has won the second prize of regional scientific and technological achievements, the fourth prize of provincial scientific and technological progress and the third prize of national scientific and technological progress. In 1979, Li Fuchun, a regional agricultural school, investigated the morphology, habits, environmental factors, control efficiency, protection and utilization of Polynematodes, wrote a paper, which was adopted by international rice, and published a monograph on entomology. This achievement won the fourth prize of provincial scientific and technological progress and the second prize of municipal scientific and technological progress. 

In the 1980s, the methods and means of forecasting pests and diseases were greatly improved, and the coverage of forecasting was gradually broadened. In 1980, the pest monitoring and forecasting stations in Pingjiang and Xiangyin counties were designated as national key monitoring and forecasting stations, and participated in the collaborative research of national and provincial monitoring and forecasting. Pingjiang County Agricultural Bureau cooperated with Xinrong and Li Fuchun, the agricultural school of the city, to study the characteristics, habits, hazards and prevention methods of rice butterfly, put forward practical prevention measures, and won the third prize of the city’s scientific and technological progress. In 1982, Li Ruilan, Liu Zhiqiu, Gao Dengke of Xiangyin County Plant Protection Station established a rice disease and insect pest forecasting model with computer to replace the traditional forecasting methods. This achievement has reached the advanced level in the province and won the third prize of municipal scientific and technological progress. In the same year, the regional pest monitoring station and the provincial pest monitoring station were networked, and Pingjiang County began to monitor the pests and diseases of citrus and tea. In 1987, Huarong County began to investigate and forecast hemp and Yueyang County reed diseases and insect pests. By 1990, the accuracy of pest forecasting reached 74%, and in the mid-1990 s, the whole province and the whole country were networked to forecast.

Pest control　 Before 1949, the prevention and control of agricultural pests and diseases mainly depended on salvaging wave slag, killing pupae in deep water, manually pulling and cutting stubble, catching and burning borers. 

In the 1950s, chemical control began. The Agricultural Research Institute of Xiangyin County Agriculture and Water Bureau tried to control cotton aphids with stinky pepper, and the effect was remarkable, and it was popularized in China. In the 1960 s, chemical pesticides were widely used and spraying was carried out to control insects. Yueyang, Huarong, Junshan, Qianlianghu and other counties and farms began to try out biological control, using wasps to control red bollworm. 

In 1970s, the scientific research on pest control turned to the track of prevention first and comprehensive control. In 1974, Chen Bogang, a teacher from No.1 Middle School in Xiangyin County, used spiders to control rice planthoppers for the first time in rice fields, and achieved remarkable results. He won the first prize of regional scientific and technological achievements, the second prize of provincial scientific and technological achievements and the third prize of national scientific and technological progress. In 1975, under the guidance of the Biology Department of Hunan Normal University, the Agricultural Science Station of Lantian Commune in Yueyang County isolated Beauveria bassiana 75-1 and 76-2 from the dead cicadas caused by natural parasites, and sprayed them with bacterial liquid or bacterial powder mixed with plant ash, and the cicada killing rate reached 83%. In 1978, the municipal plant protection station conducted a follow-up investigation on the overwintering sites of rice leaf roller. Yu Changbin of Yueyang County conducted a follow-up investigation on insects in Erhua, Yan Ruilin and Hu Xiaoping of Huarong County. In the same year, the regional science and technology office held a plant protection training class to train more than 400 biological control plant protection workers.

In 1980s, pest control became standardized. Monitoring and screening resistant varieties, promoting fitness cultivation techniques, improving chemical weeding techniques, popularizing high-efficiency and low-toxicity pesticides, using spiders to control pests and cooperating with agricultural control have achieved remarkable results in protecting the ecological environment, improving the quality of agricultural products and reducing agricultural costs. In particular, the comprehensive control technology based on biological control has great influence in the whole country and even in the world. In September, 1989, the representative of the International Conference on Integrated Prevention and Control of Rice Diseases and Pests convened by FAO made a special trip to Xiangyin County to inspect the biological control situation and praised Xiangyin County as "the hometown of spiders".

In the 1990s, comprehensive prevention and control techniques were strengthened, seed quarantine was carried out, pest-resistant varieties were selected, accurate prediction was made, and specific pesticides with low toxicity, high efficiency and low residue were selected, so that environmental protection and increasing production and income were placed in the same position, and good ecological and economic benefits were achieved. 

Tap water comes uninvited.

Water is the source of life, and our life.closeRelated, turn on the tap,Tap water flows out slowly. While enjoying the convenience brought by modern life, have we ever wondered where these tap water comes from? What technological processes have you gone through to reach thousands of households? today,We walked into Beihai main water supply plant.—— North Suburb Water Plant, visit the surface water purification process, and learn about the "past lives" of tap water together.

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The first article ?Brief introduction of beijiao waterworks

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The Northern Suburb Water Plant adopts surface water technology, and the water source is Niuweiling Reservoir. The design daily water supply capacity of Phase I is as follows150,000 tons. The northern suburb water plant started construction in 1993, and was shut down in 1996 due to the influence of national macro-control. In 2009, our company invested 65 million yuan to start the continuation project of the northern suburb water plant. In October 2011, the construction of the continuation project was completed. However, due to the serious eutrophication of the water source of Niuweiling Reservoir, the water after conventional treatment has a heavy muddy smell and it has been transformed into an underground water plant. In 2017, in order to effectively alleviate the shortage of water supply in our city, the water quality upgrading project of Beijiao Waterworks was started. Pretreatment and advanced treatment processes were adopted for the eutrophic raw water of Niuweiling Reservoir. The project was completed in December 2018, with a total investment of 97.8362 million yuan, and was officially put into production on January 7, 2019. In order to further improve the security of urban water supply, the company started construction of the second phase of Beijiao Water Plant in September 2020 according to the requirements of the municipal party committee and the municipal government, and it is expected to be completed in December 2022. The total investment of the project is 323 million yuan. In the past 12 years since 2009, our company has invested about 486 million yuan to improve the quality of drinking water in our city and ensure the safety of urban water supply.

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北郊水厂一期工程全流程鸟瞰

北郊水厂的水源来自牛尾岭水库，我们把它称之为“原水”。水源地的选择不仅要求水质良好、便于卫生防护，而且必须符合水源水质标准的要求。原水可以直接使用吗？当然不可以！里含有各种各样的杂质，包括藻类、泥沙、等等，直接饮用会对人类的健康造成很大的伤害。自来水厂水处理的目的就是通过一系列的水处理工艺，一步步净化，水质Meet the national drinking standards.after, is allowed to be sent to thousands of households.

let ustogetherunderstandSurface water process flow bar

1. Raw water of Niuweiling Reservoir

After visiting the water treatment processfinish

youwhether or notHave a deeper understanding of tap waterUnderstand andknow

From raw water to tap water

After a series of complicated procedures

Standardized purification again and again

It’s really not easy

Tap water comes uninvited.

We should be morewhentreasure

There are many microorganisms, protozoa, viruses and pathogenic bacteria in natural water. In order to prevent pathogenic bacteria from bringing diseases to people, water supply companies will adopt disinfectants such as liquid chlorine or chlorine dioxide to disinfect and kill microorganisms and pathogenic bacteria in water.

Chlorine dioxide and liquid chlorine used by our company for disinfection are effectively controlled in strict accordance with the national Hygienic Standard for Drinking Water in the production process. The limit value of chlorine dioxide in the factory water using chlorine dioxide disinfection process is as follows0.1-0.8mg/L, the pipe network water limit value is greater than 0.02mg/L, the residual chlorine limit value of the factory water by liquid chlorine disinfection process is 0.3-4mg/L, and the pipe network water limit value is greater than 0.05 mg/L.

Users smell the smell in the process of use because people’s taste threshold for chlorine is0.2-0.5mg/L, when the chlorine in water exceeds 0.2mg/L, people can smell chlorine, but it is within the national standard value, which is qualified and safe drinking water, and users can use it with confidence.

GDP data of 31 provinces in 2019. Cartography Gao Yuting

　　On January 22nd, The Paper reporters found that all 31 provinces in China have published 2019 GDP data.

　　Earlier, according to the National Bureau of Statistics, preliminary accounting showed that the annual GDP was 99,086.5 billion yuan, an increase of 6.1% over the previous year at comparable prices, in line with the expected target of 6%-6.5%.

　　Judging from the GDP growth data, Tibet’s GDP growth rate ranked first last year, at 9%; The provinces with a growth rate of more than 8% are Guizhou, Yunnan and Jiangxi. The GDP growth data of 18 provinces outperformed the national data last year, while the GDP growth data of Jiangsu and Beijing were the same as the national data of 6.1%. In the six central provinces, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangxi and Shanxi all exceeded the national level in GDP growth last year.

　　Judging from the total GDP, Guangdong exceeded 10 trillion yuan for the first time and continued to lead the country, ranking first; There are five provinces with GDP exceeding 5 trillion yuan, except Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang and Henan. There are 8 provinces with more than 4 trillion yuan, in addition to the above provinces, there are Sichuan, Hubei and Fujian.

　　In addition, Zhejiang’s total GDP exceeded 6 trillion yuan for the first time last year, and Henan exceeded 5 trillion yuan for the first time. The total GDP of Hubei and Fujian exceeded 4 trillion yuan for the first time last year. Last year, Yunnan’s GDP exceeded 2 trillion yuan for the first time. Henan’s GDP last year continued to lead the central provinces, and Sichuan continued to lead the western provinces. (The Paper reporter Gao Yuting)

　　BEIJING, Dec. 14 (Reporter Shangguan Yun) On the 13th, a catering cultural creation "Yihong Qunfang" launched by the National Museum of China (hereinafter referred to as "Guobo") was refreshed again: several cakes with different shapes and exquisite shapes attracted netizens’ forefingers to move and expressed their desire for food.

"Yi Hong Qun Fang" catering cultural creation. Photo courtesy of China National Museum

　　The reporter learned that the inspiration of this kind of Wenchuang cake is related to a traditional painting of China, Yi Hong Night Banquet. This painting was created in the late Qing Dynasty and is now in the National Museum of China. Its creation background is taken from the novel "A Dream of Red Mansions" in the sixty-third chapter "Shouyihong Qunfang opens a banquet".

　　A banquet is naturally indispensable for delicious food. According to Guobo, this reminds people of another dim sum in ancient times — — Tangguozi, also called "Shangshengguozi" and "Tea Fruit", is a traditional dessert with tea.

　　Therefore, after continuous attempts, the "Yihong Qunfang" cake was successfully designed and produced with the traditional "tea fruit" in the Tang Dynasty as the carrier and relying on a picture scene of A Dream of Red Mansions. The seemingly simple cakes not only strive to restore the pastry techniques of the Tang Dynasty, but also have the Tang Dynasty color and contemporary fashion elements in design.

　　Some netizens said that they want to eat, but they are very reluctant. "The design of cakes is so special that it looks like a group of works of art!"

The cake idea is very novel. Image source: Photo courtesy of China National Museum

　　In fact, this is not the first time that Guobo has launched food cultural innovation. Previously, it also launched the "Ruyi Cake", with the head as the main shape, and the surface bas-relief of two catfish jumping in the water, which is homophonic and has a modern taste: mocha, black cheese and cranberry … … Very suitable for young people’s tastes.

　　Earlier, Guobo also launched the "Four Sheep Square Zun 3D Chocolate" and the sweet and delicious lollipop … … It can attract people’s pursuit almost every time.

　　As the old saying goes, "Food is the most important thing for the people", and the museum has always been unwilling to lag behind in the matter of "eating".

　　In 2014, Suzhou Museum produced cookies based on the cultural relics in the collection, and a secret color porcelain lotus bowl cookie with matcha flavor quickly became "online celebrity"; Sanxingdui Museum in Guanghan, Sichuan Province also launched "Bronze Mask Cookies", which is fun and delicious.

　　In addition, at the beginning of 2019, Guangdong Provincial Museum presented three kinds of cultural and creative cakes to the audience, named "Guangdong Tibetan", "Guangdong Guangbao Box" and "Fashion", which attracted a large number of foodies. The dark black pattern on the top of the cake was the LOGO of Guangdong Provincial Museum.

Exquisite wenchuang cake. Image source: Guangdong Provincial Museum Weibo screenshot

　　As for the Forbidden City, that’s not to mention: the special moon cakes are not only delicious, but also elegant in shape. For example, a "Guicai Mid-Autumn Festival special round" moon cake, the gift box is mainly based on the azure of Ruyao in Song Dynasty, decorated with ice cracks and dark lines, and the moon cake patterns are all from flowers and birds painted by Song Huizong, which is full of cultural flavor.

　　Interestingly, the Summer Palace and Yuanmingyuan also came to join in the excitement of food and culture. Eight landmarks, such as Jade Belt Bridge and Wenchang Pavilion, are selected as the cultural and creative food of the Summer Palace, and cakes are made with different fillings. This year, from July 31st, Yuanmingyuan sold lotus-shaped ice cream, and sold 50,000 pieces in less than half a month.

Exquisite "Lotus Ice Cream". Image source: video screenshot

　　It is true that it is not uncommon for museums to launch food cultural innovation in recent years. This kind of cultural innovation combined with diet also brings ancient cultural relics to life on another level. Gourmet cultural creation has repeatedly become a hot topic, which also reflects people’s rising cultural consumption demand.

　　According to the China Youth Daily, Liao Fei, the head of the Food Culture Center of the National Museum of China, previously mentioned that no matter what wenchuang products are made, it is always culture that gives them connotation and soul. "Now the homogenization competition of wenchuang products is fierce. Can you make your own characteristics and convey the meaning to be expressed? The competition is the theme."

　　Indeed, in addition to the "belly", the core content of Wenchuang cuisine is the word "culture". As a netizen said, cakes, lollipops, biscuits and other creative design ideas are quite novel, both edible and rich in cultural heritage, which makes the cold cultural relics more grounded, and this is probably one of the meanings of museum food creative.

　　Neijiang, Sichuan, three days before the college entrance examination, senior three students took a group photo in the classroom. Bright pictures/vision china

　　editorial comment/note

　　The 2018 college entrance examination starts today.

　　This year, the first batch boarded the college entrance examination arena after 00;

　　This year, due to the integration of vocational colleges and other factors, the number of registered candidates reached 9.75 million, an increase of 350,000 over last year, the largest number of candidates in the past eight years;

　　This year, many provinces have announced new college entrance examination plans. With the reform of college entrance examination, only the situation of liberal arts and science has been broken, and students’ right to choose has expanded dramatically.

　　China Education Online recently released the "Investigation Report on 2018", which allows us to perceive the new changes and trends of the college entrance examination through data and charts.

　　1. The proportion of admission is rising, and the contradiction of further education is basically solved.

　　The number of applicants for the college entrance examination ushered in an inflection point, and the number of students studying abroad continued to rise.

　　The number of applicants for the national college entrance examination dropped sharply after reaching the historical peak of 10.5 million in 2008, and it began to stop falling and stabilize in 2014. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Education, the number of applicants for the national college entrance examination in 2017 totaled 9.4 million, the same as in 2016. The number of applicants for the national college entrance examination has been stable at around 9.4 million for four consecutive years. In 2018, the number of applicants for the college entrance examination ushered in another growth, hitting a new high in eight years.

　　However, in the long run, the basis of college entrance examination students has not changed fundamentally. In 2014 and 2015, the enrollment of ordinary high schools remained at the level of 7.97 million, and in 2016, the enrollment of ordinary high schools was 8.03 million, with little change. At present, the increase in the number of applicants for the college entrance examination should be mainly due to the country’s emphasis on vocational education and the continuous opening of secondary vocational education channels in various places.

　　According to demographic data, the national birth rate has been declining since the 1980s. China’s birth population reached its peak in 1990, exceeding 26 million. Since then, the number of newborn babies in China has shown an obvious downward trend. In the past ten years, the number of newborns has been below 16 million for a long time. Stimulated by the two-child policy, it rose by 1.31 million in 2016, but it fell by more than 630,000 in 2017 and fell to 17 million again.

　　At the same time, according to the latest data released by the Ministry of Education, in 2017, the number of Chinese students studying abroad exceeded 600,000 for the first time, reaching 608,400, an increase of 11.74% year-on-year, and continued to maintain the status of the world’s largest source country for international students.

　　The admission rate has risen steadily, and many places have reached new highs.

　　According to the statistical bulletin of national economic and social development in 2017 published by the National Bureau of Statistics, in the 2017 college entrance examination, there were 7.615 million students enrolled in general colleges, and the actual admission rate of the national college entrance examination reached 81.01%. The proportion of college entrance examinations in various places has been rising, and the contradiction of further education has been basically solved.

　　The actual admission rate in Henan Province continues to rise.

　　In 2017, the total number of applicants for the Henan college entrance examination was 865,800, an increase of 45,300 compared with 2016, still ranking first in the country. This is also the third consecutive year that the number of applicants for the college entrance examination in Henan has rebounded sharply after six consecutive losses.

　　As one of the areas with the lowest admission rate in the national college entrance examination, the actual admission rate of Henan college entrance examination has continued to rise in recent years. In 2016, the actual admission rate was 85%, a record. In 2017, a total of 728,500 freshmen were enrolled, and the actual admission rate was 84.14%, which was still at a high level.

　　The actual admission rate in Shandong Province is above 80% on the whole.

　　According to the data released by Shandong Education Admissions Examination Institute, a total of 683,200 people (including the spring college entrance examination) took the college entrance examination in Shandong in 2017, a decrease of 26,600 compared with 709,900 in 2016. This is the first time that the number of applicants for the Shandong college entrance examination has dropped after four years of continuous increase.

　　Since 2011, the actual admission rate of Shandong college entrance examination has been above 80%. 2011 — It reached a high point in 2013, then fell back and began to pick up in 2016. In 2017, the total number of students enrolled in the Shandong college entrance examination was 580,400, and the actual admission rate of the college entrance examination was 84.95%, an increase of 2.8 percentage points over 2016.

　　Jiangsu Province has not completed the enrollment plan for four consecutive years.

　　In 2017, the number of applicants for the college entrance examination in Jiangsu was 330,100, a decrease of more than 30,000 compared with the previous year. This is the eighth consecutive year that the number of applicants for the college entrance examination in Jiangsu has decreased, a decrease of more than 210,000 compared with 2009.

　　Since the number of colleges and universities in Jiangsu ranks first in the country, in 2016, there were even more enrollment plans than applicants.

　　In 2017, the total enrollment plan of Jiangsu college entrance examination was 323,600, and finally 303,400 people were admitted. The actual admission rate was 91.91%, a record high. However, there are still more than 20,000 enrollment plans unfinished, which is the fourth consecutive year that Jiangsu has not completed the enrollment plan.

　　Hebei Province has achieved double growth in the number of applicants and the actual number of students admitted to the college entrance examination for three consecutive years.

　　According to the data released by Hebei Education Examinations Institute, the number of applicants for Hebei college entrance examination in 2018 was 486,400, a year-on-year increase of 50,200, rising for the third consecutive year. In 2017, 401,200 candidates were actually enrolled in Hebei college entrance examination, and the actual number of students enrolled exceeded 400,000 for the first time, achieving double growth in the number of college entrance examination applicants and the actual number of students admitted for three consecutive years.

　　In 2016, the actual admission rate of Hebei college entrance examination exceeded 90% for the first time, and in 2017 it exceeded 91%.

　　On the one hand, the number of people admitted to the college entrance examination in Hebei and the admission rate have maintained a double growth, on the other hand, the plan of high-tech recruitment has not been completed for five consecutive years. In 2017, a total of 1,674 colleges and universities nationwide enrolled students in Hebei Province, with a total of 408,700 undergraduate and specialist programs, and 401,200 candidates were actually enrolled, with a total unfinished amount of 7,500.

　　Due to various reasons, it has been common in all parts of the country to fail to complete the enrollment plan. Although the actual enrollment ratio fluctuates, it is obviously not caused by insufficient enrollment plan, but more because candidates give up the opportunity to study.

　　2. The scale of independent enrollment is stable and the competition is fierce

　　As an important measure of the reform of college enrollment system, autonomous enrollment expands the ways and channels of scientific talent selection, so that those students with academic expertise and innovative potential have more opportunities to receive college education.

　　The admission rate of independent enrollment is at a low level.

　　In recent years, with the growth of the number of self-enrollment applicants, the number of self-enrollment applicants who have passed the examination is also on the rise. According to the public information of Sunshine College Entrance Examination Platform, the number of people who passed the examination of independent enrollment in many first-class universities, including Tsinghua University and Peking University, increased in 2018 compared with the previous year.

　　According to the requirements of the Ministry of Education, the number of self-enrollment can’t exceed 5% of the total annual undergraduate enrollment plan of pilot schools. Therefore, with the increase in the number of applicants and the overall stability of self-enrollment plans of colleges and universities, the competition for self-enrollment will become more intense.

　　According to the public information of Sunshine College Entrance Examination Platform, the number of independent enrollment plans of Fudan University in 2017 does not exceed 155, and the actual enrollment is 58, which is 97 people different from the maximum number of enrollment plans; The number of independent enrollment plans of Zhejiang University in 2017 does not exceed 320, and the actual enrollment is 166, which is 154 people different from the upper limit of enrollment plans; In 2017, Xiamen University enrolled 262 students independently, and actually enrolled 127 students, which was 135 people different from the upper limit of the enrollment plan. Obviously, all schools are strict in the implementation of national policies and basically control them within the scope.

　　Most students are willing to participate in independent enrollment.

　　Although the competition for self-enrollment is becoming increasingly fierce, most students are still keen to participate in self-enrollment because of the reduction of exam difficulty and the reduction of score discrimination. According to the self-enrollment survey conducted by China Education Online for senior high school students, 80% of the students indicated that they have plans to participate in self-enrollment in the future.

　　According to the survey, students’ strong comprehensive ability and expertise in some aspects are the main reasons for encouraging them to participate in independent enrollment, accounting for 60.38%.

　　Zhejiang’s "Trinity" enrollment model is favored by colleges and universities.

　　In 2011, Zhejiang began to try the "trinity" enrollment model in provincial colleges and universities, that is, the candidates’ scores in the national examination, the test scores of candidates in colleges and universities and the college entrance examination scores were converted into comprehensive scores according to a certain proportion, and then they were selected for admission. This recruitment model takes care of the traditional college entrance examination, middle school evaluation, college evaluation and other multi-dimensional evaluations to the greatest extent, and effectively supplements the deficiency of the traditional college entrance examination, which is favored by colleges and universities.

　　In 2017, Zhejiang’s "Trinity" comprehensive evaluation enrollment, in addition to more than 40 universities in the province, there are also 8 universities outside the province and affiliated universities to participate in enrollment. These eight schools are Peking University, Tsinghua University, Fudan University, Zhejiang University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China University of Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), with a total enrollment plan of 1,554 students.

　　According to the information disclosed on the enrollment websites of various schools, in 2017, Tsinghua University enrolled 150 people in Zhejiang, including 105 candidates in the "Trinity", accounting for 70%; China University of Science and Technology plans to enroll 115 students in Zhejiang in 2017, including 100 students enrolled in the Trinity Program, accounting for 86.95%. In 2017, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences planned to enroll 41 students in Zhejiang, including 39 students enrolled in the "Trinity" program, accounting for 95.12%.

　　However, considering the technical difficulty of specific practice, it is unlikely that this model will be implemented on a large scale.

　　3. The pilot provinces of the new college entrance examination reform explore ways to comprehensively promote the college entrance examination reform.

　　In 2017, the new college entrance examination reform successfully landed in Shanghai, Zhejiang Province, which provided useful experience for comprehensively promoting the college entrance examination reform in the next step. In November 2017, the People’s Government of Zhejiang Province issued "Several Opinions on Further Deepening the Comprehensive Reform of College Entrance Examination" (hereinafter referred to as "Opinions"). The reform scheme has been improved, especially the comprehensive and systematic adjustment of the high school academic level test, which has effectively solved the problems of class selection, examination frequency and the decline of the number of physics candidates.

　　Students choose diversification, and only 10% and 17% choose traditional arts and sciences.

　　The reform of college entrance examination has expanded students’ right to choose, breaking the previous limit of only two choices: liberal arts and science. According to statistics, in 2017, the number of students who chose traditional science subjects in Zhejiang dropped from 63% to 17%, and the number of students who chose traditional liberal arts subjects dropped from 37% to 10%. More students chose three elective subjects, which fully reflected individuality and diversity.

　　After the reform measures of Zhejiang new college entrance examination are improved, the advantages of physics examiners are fully reflected.

　　Students’ independent choice of subjects not only shows students’ personality, but also brings the problem of physics "being cold". According to the statistics of Zhejiang Education Examinations Institute, in the 2017 college entrance examination, among the 291,300 college entrance examination students in Zhejiang (250,100 students enrolled in ordinary colleges and universities, 41,200 students enrolled in separate examinations, and the number of students enrolled in examinations can only be based on the number of students enrolled in ordinary colleges and universities), the number of students enrolled in physics is 89,500, accounting for 35%.

　　In the new college entrance examination held in November 2017, the number of physics students in the third year of high school in 2018 declined again. According to the data released by Zhejiang Education Examinations Institute, the number of students enrolled in the 2018 senior three exams was more than 255,000, including more than 73,000 in physics, accounting for less than 30%.

　　The decline in the number of physics candidates in Zhejiang’s new college entrance examination has aroused widespread concern in society. In fact, according to the requirements for major selection of more than 1,400 colleges and universities enrolled in Zhejiang in 2014, if you choose physics, 91% of the majors are unrestricted, ranking first in all subjects. However, because of the low input-output ratio of physics, the number of students who choose physics is not as good as biology and chemistry, ranking second from the bottom.

　　In November 2017, the People’s Government of Zhejiang Province issued "Several Opinions on Further Deepening the Comprehensive Reform of College Entrance Examination". According to the "Opinions", Zhejiang will establish a guarantee mechanism for elective subjects in the future, of which the number of physical elective subjects is 65,000. That is to say, once the number of students assigned to an examination of physics subjects is less than the guaranteed number, the guarantee mechanism will be started, with 65,000 as the base, and the scores will be assigned from high to low according to the prescribed proportion.

　　In order to effectively guide candidates’ parents to make rational choices and promote students’ all-round development, the Ministry of Education issued the "Guidelines on the Requirements for Undergraduate Admissions in Colleges and Universities (Trial)" (hereinafter referred to as the "Guidelines of the Ministry of Education") in early 2018. At the beginning of May, Zhejiang Education Examinations Institute issued a notice, requiring that from the year of enrollment in 2020, the elective subjects of relevant majors in colleges and universities should be determined according to the Guidelines of the Ministry of Education, and some professional candidates must meet two or three elective subjects at the same time.

　　According to the statistics published by Zhejiang Education Examinations Institute, among the more than 27,000 majors to be enrolled in Zhejiang in 2020, the number of majors limited to physics accounts for 22.17% of all enrollment majors. In the previously published "Scope of Selected Subjects for Majors (Classes) in Zhejiang Colleges and Universities in 2017", the proportion was only 3.9%. It can be seen that the number of physics majors required to be selected has increased significantly.

　　At the same time, relevant departments have also studied and adjusted the scoring method to attract candidates to apply for "low input-output ratio" subjects such as physics, guide rational choice and grow in an all-round way.

　　Under the guidance of the above comprehensive measures, the phenomenon of the decline in the number of physics candidates has been effectively curbed, and the emergence of similar phenomena in other subjects has been put an end to.

　　Most candidates give up physics because of their "high difficulty and low score" and fear of losing money in admission. Judging from the actual admission situation in 2017, the candidates who took the physics exam not only did not suffer losses, but also had advantages.

　　According to the data released by Zhejiang Education Examinations Institute, among the candidates admitted in the first paragraph, 59% took the physics exam. In the 985 and 211 colleges and universities, 74% of the candidates took physics, especially the undergraduate admission rate of those who took physics was 72%, which was 21% higher than that of those who did not take physics.

　　Some students are utilitarian in choosing subjects, so a scientific guidance system should be established as soon as possible.

　　In the new college entrance examination reform, students are given the right to choose in order to fully display their personality hobbies. However, in the actual choice, the candidates’ choice motivation is obviously utilitarian.

　　In a multi-choice conducted by China Education Online for senior high school students, the number of students who choose subjects according to their academic achievements is the largest, accounting for 69.99%, followed by students who choose subjects according to their interests and hobbies, accounting for 61.47%, and students who choose subjects according to the requirements of university majors account for 42.28%.

　　Choosing subjects that you are good at in order to get higher marks directly affects students’ choice of colleges and majors. According to the questionnaire survey conducted by China Education Online, 67.1% of students will adjust their target colleges or majors according to their own advantages when there is a conflict between the requirements of the subjects selected by the target colleges and universities and the subjects they are good at. Only 14.72% students will adjust their elective subjects according to the requirements of colleges and universities.

　　The new high exam forces colleges and universities to do something, characteristic colleges and universities counterattack, and the enrollment pressure of non-dominant majors is great.

　　The change of the examination rules has led to great changes in the admission rules, not only canceling the batch, but also emphasizing the professional characteristics in the mode of "major+university" in the new college entrance examination in Zhejiang. This new system design has effectively broken the identity boundaries of the original universities, such as 211 and 985, and provided opportunities for universities with strong discipline characteristics to surpass them.

　　When Zhejiang invested in the first paragraph in 2017, some of the original "two universities" entered the first paragraph, and some of their professional investment scores even exceeded 211,985 universities.

　　In the same way, the new college entrance examination also provides colleges with this possibility of transcendence. In the process of admission to the new college entrance examination in Zhejiang in 2017, some professional investment lines of many specialized colleges surpassed those of undergraduate colleges. For example, zhejiang financial college’s digital media application technology major scored 532 points, Zhejiang Medical College’s pharmaceutical equipment application technology major scored 529 points, Zhejiang Textile and Apparel Vocational and Technical College’s urban rail transit electromechanical technology major (Ningbo Metro Order Class for Urban Rail Transit Communication) scored 528 points, Tianjin Medical College’s medical imaging technology major scored 523 points, and Anhui Vocational College of Police Officers’s legal affairs major scored 520 points, all of which were 40 points higher than the second section of Zhejiang.

　　The new college entrance examination not only provides counter-attack opportunities for ordinary universities with strong discipline characteristics, but also sounds an alarm for some majors with unclear advantages in high-level universities.

　　In the college entrance examination in Zhejiang in 2017, there was a big gap in the professional investment scores of some former 985 and 211 universities. In the same school, the difference between the highest investment line and the lowest investment line among majors was as high as 60 points. For example, the professional score of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine is 65 points; The professional score of Northeast Normal University is 61 points; Southwest Jiaotong University’s professional score is 55 points; The professional score of Sichuan University is 49 points; China Geo University (Wuhan) scored 45 points.

　　According to the statistics of admission data of some colleges and universities over the years, Southwest Jiaotong University’s admission line in Zhejiang in 2016 was 36 points (regardless of arts and sciences), and in 2017 it was expanded to 55 points (regardless of arts and sciences); In 2016, Sichuan University scored 25 points (regardless of arts and sciences) in the admission line for enrollment majors in Zhejiang, and in 2017 it expanded to 49 points (regardless of arts and sciences).

　　(Author: Chai Long, Wu Fuping, editor-in-chief of China Education Online College Entrance Examination Research Center)

　　[Aika Auto Overseas New Car Original]

　　A few days ago, overseas media exposed the rendering of the production version of BMW i4. It can be seen that the new car is based on the i4 concept car released at the Beijing Auto Show, but many details have been changed in mass production. It is reported that the BMW i4 is built on the CLAR platform and will be equipped with the fifth-generation eDrive technology, and the comprehensive cruising range of WLTP can reach 600km.

　　Judging from the rendering of this exposure, the production version of BMW i4 is based on the previously released concept car, but the appearance details have been adjusted. For example, we found that the headlights of the production version of BMW i4 have become more similar to the 4 Series, which is more in line with the requirements of production cars. In addition, the new car has added more blue elements to the front grille to highlight its identity as a new energy vehicle.

　　As for the tail, the overall shape of the production version of BMW i4 continues the design of the concept car, but the lines are more muscular. In addition, the rear surrounding shape of the new car has been adjusted to some extent compared with the concept car, and the blue decorative board has a larger area.

　　As for the interior, referring to the previously released concept car, the BMW i4 adopts the driver-centered design concept, and the new curved display screen is combined with the steering wheel to show the innovative design in the future. The information display screen and the control display screen are merged into a whole device inclined to the driver. Screen grouping can optimize the way of displaying information content, and provide more intuitive touch screen operation, and almost all operating functions are integrated into the display screen, thus reducing the number of touch controls to a minimum.

　　In addition, the central control panel of the new car replaces the traditional shift lever with a paddle shift button, and the components such as the iDrive control button and the seat memory button are all made of crystal components. The seat material is composed of superfine fiber with line pattern and natural leather tanned with olive leaves, which embodies the design concept of environmental protection and sustainability. In addition, the BMW i4 concept car comes with three different driving experience modes, and there will be exciting visual differences among the three experience modes ("personal", "sports" and "efficient"), from the display screen and picture to the presentation of the interior.

　　In addition, the BMW i4 not only has a fashionable shape, but also has a unique voice. It was jointly developed by Hans Zimmer, a world-famous composer, and Renzo Vitale, a BMW audio designer, under the brand of BMW IconicSounds Electric, aiming at making BMW electric cars more emotional and reminding other road users with personalized voices. For example, when switching from the "core" mode to the "sports" mode, the sound of the BMW i4 concept car will gradually increase and become louder, including the sound of opening the door and starting the vehicle.

　　In the power system, the new car is equipped with the fifth-generation BMW eDrive electric drive technology, with a maximum output of 390kW(530Ps). It is equipped with a battery pack with a capacity of 80kWh, with a cruising range of 600 km (under WLTP), an acceleration time of 0-100km/h of only 4s and a top speed of over 200km. In addition, the maximum charging power of the new car is 150kW, and it only takes 35min to charge the power to 80%.

Wonderful content review:

Real shot BMW i4 concept car performance comparable to M4 electric car.

Beijing Auto Show: BMW i4 concept car officially launched in China.

Technical analysis of BMW i4 concept car in its bones.

　　Wear a mask, wash your hands frequently, and use chopsticks and spoons … … The epidemic situation in COVID-19 has made us pay more attention to the health habits in our lives. Many details of life that have been repeatedly mentioned before but are easily overlooked can benefit our physical and mental health a lot if we stick to them seriously.

　　In fact, there are more details in daily life that deserve our attention. Whether it’s breathing, sitting posture, relaxing, eating and walking, exploring some scientific doorways and making some small changes may make our life more healthy and enjoyable.

　　Learn to breathe correctly

　　Improve memory and sleep

　　Breathing may be the most natural thing in the world, but more than half of people in the world breathe in the wrong way. In fact, whether the breathing method is correct is much more important than we thought — — Correct breathing can improve our memory and improve our sleep quality.

　　The correct way is to breathe through the nose. The nose that stands out obviously on our face is carefully designed by nature: the nose hair and snot in the nose can catch dust and other foreign objects in the air; The nasal cavity behind the nose is a spongy space almost as big as the oral cavity; The nasal mucosa in the nasal cavity can adjust the temperature and increase the humidity, not only adjust the air that is too cold or too hot inhaled from the outside to the temperature equivalent to the body temperature, but also can trap pathogens with mucus; Sinus is an air-filled space connected with nasal cavity, where air circulates, increasing more nitric oxide, killing bacteria and viruses, dilating respiratory blood vessels and letting more oxygen enter the blood.

　　People may not understand that breathing through the nose will increase the air resistance by 50% compared with breathing through the mouth, so that the cardiopulmonary function can be exercised more, and the inhaled oxygen can be 20% more than breathing through the mouth.

　　The benefits seem to be more than that. Breathing through the nose can also promote brain function. It is found that the young rats who breathe through their mouths complete the maze task more slowly than the young rats who breathe through their noses, and there are fewer neurons in the hippocampus (an important part of the brain for learning and memory) in adulthood. The human memory test found that people who breathe through the nose have stronger memory ability and better test scores.

　　Scientists explain that the nasal cavity can connect with the olfactory bulb of the brain through sensory neurons and establish direct contact with the emotional and memory processing center of the brain. In addition to transmitting odor information, these neurons can also sense the air entering and leaving the nasal cavity, and lock the brain waves synchronized with these airflow, and then transmit these synchronized brain waves from the odor processing brain area to the brain area responsible for memory, emotion and cognition.

　　However, many people who breathe through their mouths miss out on these benefits. It is estimated that 50% of children and 61% of adults often breathe through their mouths. Frequent breathing through the mouth will bring about bad breath, poor sleep, learning difficulties, bad teeth, and even lead to jaw deformity.

　　People who occasionally breathe through their mouths should give themselves a wake-up call to remind themselves to pay attention to their breathing methods at all times and how they breathe during the day and night. If you find yourself breathing through your mouth often, you can take some corrective measures, such as buying a roll of tape paper and sticking your mouth when you sleep at night. A small study found that this method can reduce snoring and drowsiness in patients with mild obstructive sleep apnea.

　　Mastering the breathing frequency can also bring many wonderful uses. For example, if you want to be calm, reduce the number of breaths to six times per minute, which can trigger the body reaction of vasodilation and slow heart rate. At the same time, concentrated thinking and slow and long exhalation can also stimulate the vagus nerve, which is specialized in rest and digestive reaction, and the corresponding fight and flight reaction. If the number of breaths is reduced to three times per minute, then θ Brain waves will increase, and people will feel sleepy at the same time.

　　But whether the breathing frequency is fast or slow, breathing through the nose is the best choice. When breathing through the nose, you might as well hum a minor tune. Humming through the nose can stir the airflow in the sinuses and promote the production of more nitric oxide, sometimes up to 15 times as much as usual, which is of great benefit to the immune system and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems.

　　Change the traditional sitting posture

　　Avoid sedentary risks.

　　When it comes to correct sitting posture, we may all know not to lean back lazily or cross your legs, but many people may not be able to strictly abide by it. However, even if the standard sitting posture is adopted, sedentary is very harmful to health. Studies have shown that sedentary behavior is equivalent to smoking, which will increase the risk of heart disease, diabetes and even cancer. There is no doubt that we should all try to sit less and move more, and perhaps adopt a more suitable sitting posture, which is more conducive to our health.

　　A classic survey report describes 100 different sitting postures adopted by different cultures all over the world, among which the most common ones are sitting cross-legged, kneeling and squatting. These are also the sitting postures that children like, but more people are often used to understanding "sitting" as "sitting in a chair". This brings a big problem — — Sedentary.

　　We might as well see how the Hazards sit. Haza people are a modern hunter-gatherer tribe in Tanzania. They sit for about 9 hours every day on average, but instead of sitting in a chair, they take various postures, such as squatting or sitting on the ground in different postures. Activity monitoring shows that these sitting postures require significant muscle activity, thus avoiding the disadvantages of sedentary. The support of the chair, including the high backrest and armrest, will eliminate this muscle activity, but this may be the reason why people like to sit in the chair.

　　Yue Se Bettaney-Saltikoff of the University of Teesside, UK, thinks that ordinary chairs will put more pressure on the back if the lower part of the back lies flat on the back of the chair.

　　So, what is the best sitting posture? Bettaney-Saltikoff found that kneeling or using a stool with a saddle can help keep the spine in the best position, and squatting is also possible.

　　Leon strack, a physiotherapist at Curtin University in Australia, said that people can adopt some active sitting positions to avoid being still for a long time.

　　Strack also put forward some suggestions to fundamentally change the sedentary situation of copywriters. For example, design a more scientific working environment so that people can improve their work efficiency while doing a little activity — — Maybe we can design a desk that can do cycling or walking under the desk from time to time. At present, if the nature of your job makes you have to sit for a long time, please don’t forget to stand up and stretch your legs often.

　　Try to meditate

　　Release pressure with "micro-relaxation"

　　In fact, it is not easy to work at home. Every day, in addition to finishing the work, children should be allowed to eat and play. It may be after 9 pm when the children go to bed, wash clothes and tidy up everything. Finally, I can sit down with my lover and turn on the TV — — At this moment, I have been looking forward to it for hours.

　　Relaxation makes us happy and is a natural medicine to eliminate fatigue. More and more evidence shows that persistent high pressure will lead to chronic inflammation, which is very unfavorable to our physical and mental health. However, is watching TV the best way to relax?

　　On this issue, Claudia Hammond and Gemma Lewis of University College London, UK, surveyed 18,000 people from 134 countries and found that watching TV is one of the top ten relaxation activities that people usually do. At the same time, 68% people want to have more rest, because rest is also an unconscious relaxation.

　　Can running be regarded as a way to relax? Patricia Gebhardt, a doctor at New York Medical College, believes that both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are related to unconscious behavior. The sympathetic nervous system will enhance the fight-or-flight response and produce harmful particles called free radicals. When relaxed, the parasympathetic nervous system will start, giving the body a chance to recover from fatigue.

　　"People don’t feel dangerous when jogging," Gebhardt said, which means that the sympathetic nervous system will not respond. "Especially when people often jog in the natural environment, it will make people feel more peaceful." In addition, exercise also produces a pleasant chemical endorphin.

　　However, sometimes people need to decompress, but they don’t have time to jog or watch TV. At this time, they need a kind of "micro-relaxation". Meditation may be a micro-relaxation habit worth cultivating. There is evidence that meditation can reduce the activity of amygdala, which is the part of the brain involved in the fight or flight response. When entering meditation, the brain will stop most of its activities and concentrate on meditation and the surrounding environment.

　　A research test at La Salle University in Philadelphia, USA, shows that meditation can really make people enter an "absent-minded" state of relaxation. There is a skill to cultivate this state consciously and relax yourself at any time of the day. For example, try to wait for the bus absently, focus on the details of the surrounding environment you see, hear, smell and perceive, and let yourself enter a calm and wave-free state of relaxation.

　　Eat regularly and eat slowly.

　　Concentrate on eating and don’t eat too much.

　　Eating can be said to be the top priority in life. From the time and speed of eating to the choice of dining companions, the way of eating will have a great impact on our waistline and happiness.

　　First of all, talk about meal time. Many of us are accustomed to regard dinner as the most important meal of the day, but in fact, our bodies are more sensitive to insulin in the morning, and the peak blood sugar drops faster after breakfast than after dinner. Leonie Ruddick Collins of the University of Aberdeen in the United Kingdom pointed out that in the morning, the stomach is emptied, the intestinal peristalsis is faster, and the acid content of enzymes, peptides and bile is higher. Therefore, a reasonable breakfast can reduce the risk of diabetes, which is also good for intestinal health and digestive system.

　　Regular meals are also beneficial, which helps to regulate the genes that control the biological clock. Changing the meal time often will interrupt this coordination. In addition, people with weight loss goals can limit the interval between meals to a short time, such as delaying breakfast for 90 minutes and advancing dinner for 90 minutes. By doing this, you can lose twice as much fat in ten weeks as those who keep a normal diet.

　　The speed of eating is also important. Chewing 100 times per bite may be too much, but people who eat slowly do eat less, which may be because the hormones released after eating take about 20 minutes to work, and eating slowly is more likely to produce satiety. At the same time, eating foods with high fiber content will also require more chewing, which will slow people down.

　　Fast eaters tend to have higher levels of triglycerides in their blood. Triglyceride is a key indicator of metabolic syndrome. Although the reason is not clear, the researchers suggest that we should focus on food and sit down safely when eating to avoid interference from TV, computer and mobile phone.

　　One more question, is it better to eat alone or together? Even if there is no need for epidemic prevention and control, busy life and families living alone make eating alone more common than in the past. Research suggests that this may be a good thing. Helen Ruddock of the University of Liverpool, UK, found that although eating with friends often leads to happiness and higher life satisfaction than eating alone, people eat more when they eat with friends. Perhaps, it is a way to kill two birds with one stone by eating leisurely with friends who have good eating habits and like to eat slowly.

　　Optimistic gait walking

　　Keep walking every day.

　　Walking on two feet is actually a very dangerous way, so few species except humans will adopt this way of walking. Although incredible, we still use these two small platforms to keep balance and move, but we rarely think about how to walk is really beneficial to health.

　　Although the way we walk is basically the same, everyone’s gait is different, and the difference is even enough to be used as a biometric password. However, some weird gait may be a problem.

　　For example, a slight change in leg swing may cause damage to knee cartilage caused by the force of heel hitting the floor. In the past 50 years, the incidence of knee osteoarthritis has doubled, and it is not enough to explain it only by the increase of human life expectancy or obesity rate. Walking barefoot or wearing flat and light shoes can reduce the pressure on the knees, but high heels, on the contrary, will bring more pressure on the knees, so changing a pair of shoes that fit the feet may be good for the knees.

　　The way you walk will also have many effects. Experiments show that people who walk with "optimistic" gait can remember more positive words in the list, while people who walk with "sad" gait will remember more negative words. For the "low-headed people" who like to watch their mobile phones while walking, this will not only lead to slower walking, but also may lead to neck strain and injury.

　　Daniel Lieberman, an evolutionary anthropologist at Harvard University in the United States, made a health survey of modern hunter-gatherers and postal workers. It shows that our goal should include walking for two hours every day, but most people can’t achieve this goal. Therefore, don’t worry about whether your gait is different from others, just keep walking every day. (Fang Lingsheng/Compiled)

Nucleic acids are biological macromolecules, including DNA and RNA. These two kinds of molecules can be used for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, which are nucleic acid drugs. Nucleic acid drugs include small interfering RNA(siRNA), small exciting RNA(saRNA), microRNA and messenger RNA(mRNA).

All kinds of common RNA and their functions

Source: Guotai Junan Securities Research

The appearance of small nucleic acid drugs makes it possible to actively design drug sequences to target silent disease genes. Compared with other drugs targeting proteins, small nucleic acid drugs have the advantages of short preclinical research and development cycle, rich candidate targets, high specificity, high efficiency and long-term effect.　

The candidate targets are abundant and the indications are widely distributed.　

Theoretically, any disease caused by over-expression of specific genes can be treated by small nucleic acid drugs, which provides rich candidate targets for the research and development of small nucleic acid drugs, including many targets that traditional drugs can’t become drugs.　

Simple drug design and short research and development cycle.　

Small nucleic acid drugs are the biggest benefit areas of genomics and functional genomics. The design of small nucleic acid drugs can realize the digital design of disease gene (mRNA) sequences directly, thus getting rid of the large-scale screening cycle of traditional drugs, enabling drug design to be carried out actively, and the success rate of research and development is relatively high.

　 Strong targeting specificity

Small nucleic acid drugs can regulate gene expression from the post-transcriptional level, can specifically act on the mRNA transcribed by the pathogenic gene, regulate the expression of the pathogenic gene from the upstream of the disease, and can achieve sequence specificity at the single base level, with the characteristics of "targeted" and "temporary solution". In addition, the continuous innovation of nucleic acid drug delivery system can effectively deliver nucleic acid drugs to target organs, and truly achieve targeted drug delivery.

　 Long-acting drug　

On the whole, the effective action time of small nucleic acid drugs is longer than that of traditional small molecules and protein drugs. Taking siRNA drugs as an example, when the target mRNA is degraded, the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) can work circularly and participate in the next degradation of the target mRNA. In addition, the continuous innovation of chemical modification technology of nucleic acid drugs, including phosphate skeleton modification, glycosyl modification and base modification, can improve the stability and half-life of nucleic acid drugs, make the drug act longer, and greatly improve the compliance of patients with treatment. The long action cycle makes small nucleic acid drugs have competitive advantages in the fields of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases.

　 　

At present, the main nucleic acid drugs listed in the world are antisense nucleic acid (ASO), small interfering RNA(siRNA) and nucleic acid aptamer. In addition to nucleic acid aptamers (which may exceed 30 nucleotides), nucleic acid drugs are usually oligonucleotides composed of 12~30 nucleotides, also known as oligonucleotide drugs. In addition, miRNA, ribozyme and deoxyribozyme also show great development value in the treatment of many diseases. Nucleic acid drugs have become one of the most promising fields in biomedical research and development.　 　 　　　

　Examples of approved nucleic acid drugs

Image source: Pharmaceutical Online

Compared with the existing small molecule and antibody drugs, small nucleic acid drugs have the advantages of fast target screening, high success rate of research and development, less drug resistance, wider therapeutic field and long-term effect, and have great development potential. Small nucleic acid drugs are expected to cover more indications, so their potential market scale is very broad. It is estimated that the global sales of small nucleic acid drugs will exceed 10 billion US dollars by 2025.

At present, a total of 14 small nucleic acid drugs have been approved for marketing in the world (three drugs were delisted in the early stage), including 9 ASO drugs, 4 siRNA drugs and 1 nucleic acid aptamer. After years of development, heavy products of small nucleic acid drugs have appeared, among which Nusinersen developed by Bojian and Ionis is the first drug used to treat spinal muscular atrophy in the world, and its global sales in 2021 reached US$ 1.951 billion, which is the highest-selling small nucleic acid drug at present. Inclisiran developed by Novartis and Alnylam is a long-acting lipid-lowering drug, which only needs to be injected twice a year, opening a new chapter in the application of small nucleic acid drugs to common chronic diseases. Shengnuo medicine The company has the exclusive delivery platform of polypeptide nanoparticles (PNP) in the world, and uses it to develop innovative biopharmaceutical drugs for a variety of disease indications, including oncology, fibrotic diseases and disorders, viral infections and metabolic diseases. At present, STP705, the core product, is the first candidate drug that has achieved positive clinical results in the field of oncology.

　 Aibo biology At present, the company’s pipeline covers the fields of infectious disease prevention and tumor immunity, among which the mRNA vaccine developed for COVID-19 has entered the international multi-center phase III clinical research and obtained the drug production license.

　 Agner biology The company has independent intellectual property rights of GalPET liver targeting RNAi and lipid nanoparticles (LNP) delivery core platform technology. In March, 2022, COVID-19 mRNA vaccine developed by Agner Bio and Ruibo Bio carried out Phase II clinical trial.　

Ruibo biology Is a nucleic acid technology as the core, the company not only has a variety of chemically modified oligonucleotide drug production capacity and large-scale production base, but also can provide the whole industrial chain production and development services from plasmid manufacturing, raw materials and enzyme production, to mRNA production and LNP preparation and filling of mRNA vaccines.　

Ruibo biology China is the main pioneer of small nucleic acid technology and small nucleic acid pharmacy, and four products are in the clinical research stage. According to the unsatisfied clinical needs, the pipeline of products under research is formed around many diseases such as liver disease, cardiovascular disease, metabolism, ophthalmology and rare diseases.

　 Shenxin biology Focus on the development of preventive and therapeutic mRNA vaccines and drugs. Nearly 5000 LNP libraries have been constructed, and LNP vectors suitable for different treatment scenarios have been screened, which has created excellent conditions for the continuous research and development of mRNA product pipelines. With its leading LNP delivery technology platform, we firmly believe that biology has built research and development pipelines in four major directions: infectious diseases, rare diseases, tumor therapeutic vaccines and tumor immunotherapy enhancers.