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　　Proposed by China Petrochemical Co., Ltd. and drafted by Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology, the first national standard of biodiesel in China, Biodiesel for Diesel Fuel Blending, entered the approval process. The original biodiesel standards in China are all enterprise standards. The index setting and specific requirements of these standards are often formulated by enterprises according to their respective R&D, production and process levels, lacking common requirements. Some enterprises also directly adopt the standard of mineral diesel to produce biodiesel, but the composition and properties of biodiesel and mineral diesel are different, so controlling the quality of biodiesel with the standard of mineral diesel will cause many problems.
　　
　　Biodiesel is a real green energy, and the industrialization of biodiesel in China is in its infancy, facing many problems. Among them, there must be a basic answer to what requirements biodiesel needs to meet, which is exactly the question to be answered in "Biodiesel for Diesel Fuel Blending".
　　
　　In recent years, the international crude oil price has been soaring all the way, which is accompanied by the rapid economic growth and rising crude oil consumption in China. According to some sources, it is conservatively estimated that the national diesel shortage has reached 50 million tons every year. In the market, demand is the driving force. As early as when the international crude oil price just showed signs of rising, some domestic enterprises began to research and develop economic and environmental-friendly raw materials, so biodiesel began to move to the foreground.
　　
　　Biodiesel industry is easily accepted by the market because of its high technical maturity and good compatibility with existing oil transportation and distribution facilities. Although it can’t completely replace petrochemical diesel, it is still strongly supported because of its various advantages.
　　
　　However, although the technical path is feasible and countries such as Europe and America have been developing and encouraging the use of biodiesel, the industrialization of biodiesel in China, which is in its infancy, is also facing many problems. The national standard "Biodiesel for Diesel Fuel Blending" is trying to solve these problems, which will be of great significance to promote the industrialization of biodiesel.
　　
　　National standard of biodiesel: stand on tiptoe to reach it.
　　
　　According to Professor Zhang Yongguang, the drafter of the national standard of Biodiesel for Diesel Fuel Blending and director of the fuel oil products and additives research office of the Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology, the national standard of biodiesel in China includes 17 technical requirements and limits, namely, density: 0.82 ~ 0.90 kg/m3; The minimum value of kinematic viscosity is 1.9mm2/s and the maximum value is 6.0mm2/s; Flash point above 130℃; Cold filter points are reported; Set two indicators for sulfur content, namely, no more than 0.05% and 0.005%; 10% of the residual carbon of the steam residue is not more than 0.3%; Sulfate ash content is not more than 0.02%; Water content 0.05%; No mechanical impurities are allowed; Copper corrosion is not greater than grade 1; Cetane number is not less than 49; The oxidation stability is not less than 6.0; The acid value is not more than 0.80; Free glycerol does not exceed 0.02%; Total glycerol does not exceed 0.24%; 90% recovery temperature does not exceed 360℃. These requirements take into account that the use of biodiesel in China is mainly blended with ordinary mineral diesel in the proportion of 5% ~ 20% as a component fuel. If 100% biodiesel is used, it is necessary to formulate another standard or adjust the index requirements of this standard.
　　
　　In terms of the number of indicators, there are more than 10 differences between China’s biodiesel standards and developed countries, and the specific limits are also different. Zhang Yongguang explained that the main reason is that the raw materials of biodiesel in Europe and America are mainly oil crops. Simply taking their indicators will limit the raw materials of biodiesel in China, and some indicators are not in line with China’s situation. China’s national standard for biodiesel is a relatively high standard. According to the reality of most biodiesel production enterprises in China, it is necessary to stand on tiptoe to reach the standard.
　　
　　When making biodiesel standards, Chinese enterprises mostly refer to the indicators and specific requirements stipulated by foreign biodiesel standards. For some items that are not stipulated in the national standard of biodiesel in China, Zhang Yongguang explained that high concentrations of monoglyceride, diglyceride and triethylene glycol can produce injector deposits, which may affect the low-temperature operation performance and cause filter blockage. In the process of standard formulation, after analyzing the samples of Chinese enterprises, it is found that these three indicators are far less than the limits stipulated by European standards. At the same time, as blended biodiesel, monoglyceride, diglyceride and triethylene glycol can also play the role of lubricating additives in diesel, so these three indexes are not limited in Chinese standards. Residual metals can lead to engine deposition and wear, and pump and injector failure, which increases the smoke emission of diesel vehicles and makes it difficult to start. Monovalent metals and divalent metals can be introduced into the reaction by the catalyst of transesterification. Because the metal elements have been separated from biodiesel in the post-treatment, their content in biodiesel is generally small, so it is unnecessary to limit the metal content. Phosphorus can destroy the catalytic converter used in emission control system, and its content must be kept low. Because the phosphorus content of biodiesel in China is far less than that of biodiesel in Europe and America, the standard of biodiesel in China does not require phosphorus content. Iodine value is the number of grams of iodine consumed when reacting with 100 grams of oil under specified conditions. Biodiesel with high iodine value is unstable and easy to oxidize. However, the iodine value is only a rough estimate of the stability of biodiesel, so the iodine value is not required in China’s biodiesel standards.The methanol content in biodiesel is one of the unreacted residues in the production of biodiesel. The methanol content of biodiesel after treatment is generally low, and there is no equipment for detecting the methanol content of biodiesel in China at present, so the methanol content requirement is not included in the standard for the time being. The content of methyl ester reflects the degree of transesterification, and the EU standard requires no less than 96.5%. All the biodiesel samples taken in the process of standard formulation in China meet this requirement, so the Chinese standard does not require it.
　　
　　While people enjoy the convenience brought by automobiles, they also have to endure the environmental pollution and energy pressure caused by the development of automobile industry. Under the background of global warming and rising oil prices, finding alternative energy sources has become a common topic for the development of global automobile industry.
　　
　　Some experts pointed out that vigorously developing biomass energy to replace the increasingly scarce fossil energy is one of the directions of future energy development. In China, biodiesel is becoming a new field of biomass energy development. Focus on biomass energy: the industrialization of biodiesel is heating up.
　　
　　Biodiesel is a fatty acid monoalkyl ester prepared by transesterification of animal and vegetable oils with alcohols (such as methanol or ethanol). The raw materials of biodiesel mainly come from oil crops, oil trees and fruits, oil aquatic plants, animal fat, waste catering oil and so on. The commonly used oil crops are mainly soybeans and rapeseed, the fruits of oil trees are mainly oil palm and Pistacia chinensis, and oil aquatic plants mainly refer to engineering microalgae. These animal and vegetable oils and fats react with low-carbon alcohols such as methanol or ethanol in the presence of acid or alkaline catalyst and at a high temperature of 230~250℃ to produce fatty acid methyl ester or ethyl ester, which is then washed and dried to obtain biodiesel.
　　
　　Biodiesel was born in Germany in 1988. In 2005, the 15 member States of the European Union produced more than 2 million tons of biodiesel, accounting for 90% of the world’s total biodiesel. Germany is currently the country with the largest biodiesel production in the world.
　　
　　China began to produce biodiesel in 2001. At present, there are dozens of enterprises producing biodiesel in China, with an annual output of over 100,000 tons. China’s biodiesel is rich in raw materials. According to Chu Fuxiang, vice president of the Chinese Academy of Forestry, there are more than 600 common woody oil plants in China, with a total area of over 6.66 million hectares and an annual output of more than 2 million tons of seeds. Among them, there are dozens of kinds of seeds whose oil content reaches or approaches 50%, mainly including Jatropha curcas, Pistacia chinensis, light bark, Xanthoceras sorbifolia and so on. According to a study by the Bioenergy Research Center of Tianjin University, there is only one waste oil resource in China, with an annual output of 401,000 tons. The research and production of biodiesel in China is relatively late, but it has made rapid progress. From the distribution, selection, cultivation and genetic improvement of oil plants to the processing technology and equipment manufacturing, it has been industrialized. Companies in Hainan, Sichuan and Fujian have successively developed biodiesel production technologies with independent intellectual property rights, and successively built biodiesel production plants with a scale of over 10,000 tons. In 2005, the national special agricultural and forestry bioengineering project determined that the annual production capacity of biodiesel in China would reach 2 million tons by 2010 and 15 million tons by 2020.
　　
　　

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　　Recently, people from all walks of life in Japan have continued to hold rallies in Tokyo and other places, resolutely opposing the plan of the Japanese government and Tokyo Electric Power Company (hereinafter referred to as "TEPCO") to discharge Fukushima nuclear polluted water into the sea during the spring and summer of this year. International public opinion has also urged the Japanese government to face up to the legitimate concerns of all parties, earnestly fulfill its international obligations and accept strict international supervision. Before full consultation and agreement are reached with stakeholders such as neighboring countries and relevant international institutions, Japan shall not start the discharge of nuclear polluted water into the sea without authorization.

　　"The plan to expel the sea has caused concern from all parties at home and abroad in Japan and should be handled with caution."

　　On March 21st, nearly 5,000 people from all over Japan held a rally in Tokyo to protest against the plan of TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant to discharge nuclear polluted water into the sea and oppose the Japanese government’s nuclear energy policy. Kazuhiro Sato from Fukushima Prefecture is "Don’t pollute the ocean again! One of the representatives of the citizens’ meeting. He said that the public opinion survey in Fukushima Prefecture showed that about 70% of the respondents opposed the discharge of nuclear polluted water into the sea. The nuclear polluted water in the storage tank contains a variety of radioactive substances, and once it starts to be discharged, it will continue to be discharged for at least 30 years.

　　March 11th is the 12th anniversary of the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant. Many Japanese people held a protest rally in front of the headquarters of TEPCO and the official residence of the Japanese Prime Minister. Slogans such as "Don’t let nuclear pollution pollute the sea", "The sea is not a trash can" and "Protect the sea, protect children and protect the future" express people’s strong demands against nuclear pollution water discharging into the sea.

　　Members of the Activity Committee of the Workers’ Welfare Club in Japan Valley said that radioactive elements in nuclear polluted water will return to human body through food chains such as seaweed and fish, which will harm people’s health again. It is unconvincing, hypocritical and irresponsible for TEPCO to discharge nuclear polluted water on the grounds that it has no storage place, which violates the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Substances.

　　Liu Tianzhen, the head of the Japanese citizen group Dandelion House, said that it is a safe and feasible scheme to use more than 10 large-scale water storage tanks with a capacity of 100,000 tons to preserve nuclear polluted water on land for a long time, but the government and TEPCO ignored it, which is regrettable. Keiko Muse, who made a special trip from Kawasaki City to Tokyo to attend the rally, told this reporter: "Without the consent of other Asian neighbors, the Japanese side will discharge nuclear polluted water into the sea without authorization, which is absolutely not allowed."

　　On March 10th, Japanese people held a rally in front of the gate of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry to protest against the plan to discharge nuclear polluted water into the sea. Former Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan and the leader of the Social Democratic Party, Mizuho Fukushima, attended the speech. Mizuho Fukushima said that today, 12 years later, the impact of the Fukushima nuclear accident is still continuing, and the relevant emergency declaration has not been lifted. Therefore, nuclear polluted water must never be discharged into the sea, and radioactive materials must be preserved in a centralized manner. Naoto Kan participated in the handling of the Fukushima nuclear accident as the Japanese Prime Minister 12 years ago. After his speech, he told reporters: "The plan to expel the sea has caused concern among all parties at home and abroad in Japan and should be handled with caution."

　　Japanese domestic media commented that the Japanese government chose a "shortcut" with the supremacy of economic interests in the case of imperfect scientific professional discussion and insufficient communication with the public. Non-governmental organizations such as the National Federation of Fishery Associations of Japan strongly criticized the Japanese government for breaking its promises and ignoring the interests of fishermen’s groups. Instead of actively seeking people’s understanding, it hastily restarted nuclear power and accelerated the construction of sea discharge. Simple and rude practices further aggravated people’s fears and panic.

　　"This is a complete deception, and this practice of fooling the people continues."

　　According to domestic polls in Japan, 43% of the people oppose the discharge of nuclear polluted water into the sea, and more than 90% believe that discharging water into the sea will have a negative impact.

　　At the international seminar held by the environmental protection organization "Friends of the Earth in Japan" a few days ago, Wu Teng Leizi, a resident of Fukushima Prefecture and the head of the liaison meeting of Fukushima nuclear accident victims, said in his speech that the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and TEPCO have been organizing people to visit the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant and sending people to various schools to hold lectures in order to publicize the safety of the so-called nuclear polluted water. TEPCO even took an instrument that can only measure gamma rays to measure the nuclear polluted water that only emits beta rays after treatment, so that people could see that the pointer was motionless and cheat visitors of their trust in the safety of nuclear polluted water. "This is a complete deception, and this practice of fooling the people continues."

　　Wu Teng said that once it started to discharge into the ocean, it would continue to do so for decades to come. Where the nuclear pollution water flows, there are people who live on the sea and creatures who make the sea their home. The discharge of nuclear polluted water into the sea is an infringement on life.

　　Kenichi Oshima, a professor at the Department of Policy at Ryoku University in Japan, believes that the Japanese government only announces the progress made in the aftermath of nuclear power plants, but rarely mentions various problems and difficulties. In fact, radioactive substances are different from ordinary dangerous chemicals, and it is difficult to remove them by chemical treatment. At the same time, little is known about the long-term effects of radioactive substances on marine ecosystems. Therefore, it is most important that radioactive substances should be treated in a controlled state and should not be released into the environment.

　　The opacity of information has also caused concern among Japanese fishery groups. Representatives of Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima Life Cooperative Association and Miyagi Fishery Association submitted a joint signature of about 42,000 people to TEPCO and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, opposing the nuclear pollution water discharge scheme. Imano Zhiguang, president of the Xiangma Shuangye Fishery Association, which belongs to fishermen in Songchuanpu Fishing Port, expressed firm opposition to the practice of discharging nuclear polluted water into the sea. He said: "The most important agreement between the government and TEPCO is not to discharge or dispose of nuclear polluted water before we understand it. So far, a lot of information has been concealed by TEPCO. "

　　"The Pacific Ocean is related to the livelihood of many people, and the ecological environment is very important to many countries."

　　There are more than 1.3 million tons of nuclear polluted water to be discharged from Fukushima, containing more than 60 kinds of radionuclides. Once it is discharged into the ocean, it will spread to the global waters in the next few decades, which will have an incalculable impact on the global marine environment and human health.

　　Japan’s plan to discharge nuclear polluted water into the sea has aroused widespread concern and opposition from neighboring countries and stakeholders. At the informal meeting of special leaders of the Pacific Island Forum held recently, the issue of Japan’s nuclear polluted water discharging into the sea became a key topic. Leaders reiterated that Japan should guide the political decision of discharging nuclear polluted water into the sea in a scientific way. Japan’s plan to discharge nuclear polluted water into the sea is not a simple domestic matter, but will affect important world events including the South Pacific island countries. In view of the unsatisfactory independence and verifiability of data provided by relevant parties in Japan, the Pacific Island Forum has repeatedly called on Japan to postpone the plan of discharging nuclear polluted water into the sea.

　　Fiji’s Acting Prime Minister Kamikaga said recently that Fiji was on high alert because of the plan to discharge nuclear polluted water from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan. Kamikaga said: "The Pacific Ocean is related to the livelihood of many people, and the ecological environment is very important to many countries. If you pass through ‘ Multi-nuclide removal equipment ’ The treated nuclear polluted water is so safe, why doesn’t Japan reuse it or use it in its own manufacturing and agriculture? "

　　Carly Birch, a sociologist at the University of Auckland in New Zealand, believes that it is the basic right of people in the Pacific region to enjoy a clean, healthy and sustainable development environment. The Japanese government’s plan to discharge nuclear polluted water into the sea is a direct disregard for the sovereignty and self-determination of Pacific countries.

　　South Korean citizens’ groups recently held large-scale gatherings in Seoul, Busan and other places, expressing strong opposition to Japan’s nuclear pollution water discharge plan. Xu Junlie, honorary professor of the Department of Nuclear Engineering at Seoul National University, believes that the Japanese government must disclose the radioactive detection data of all nuclides. Xu Junlie said: "The Pacific Ocean is the common property of the whole world. Japan ignores the better plan and insists on discharging nuclear polluted water into the sea, which is tantamount to a terrorist attack on the ocean, and the Pacific Ocean will no longer be peaceful. If nuclear polluted water flows into the Pacific Ocean, various radioactive substances will cause a fatal blow to the marine ecosystem. "

　　Robert Richmond, a professor at the Varro Marine Laboratory at the University of Hawaii in the United States, said: "Our task is to protect the ocean and people who depend on it. It is a bad idea to discharge nuclear polluted water into the sea. Japan should consider other options."

　　(Tokyo, Seoul, Washington, March 23rd)